Studi tentang tahanan perahu pelang di desa Rap-Rap Kabupaten Minahasa Selatan

Sebagai negara kepulauan, Indonesia memiliki luas perairan yang lebih besar dibandingkan daratan. Dengan semua hal itu, banyak yang bekerja sebagai petani dan nelayan tradisional. Setiap wilayah pasti memiliki kebudayaan karakter yang beda begitu juga dengan nelayan tradisonal memiliki alat tangkap yang berbeda, alat tangkap juga membutuhkan alat bantu yaitu kapal tradisional.Perahu tradisional di Sulawesi Utara seperti londe, pelang, dan lain lain berbahan  dasar kayu dengan seiringnya zaman dan meningkatnya harga kayu dikarenakan sulitnya untuk mendapat kayu sebagai bahan dasar pembuatan kapal tradisional beralih bahan dasar lain yaitu FRP, sudah banyak ditemui kapal perikanan yang berbahan dasar FRP (Fiber Reinforced Plastic) sebagai pengganti bahan kayu penggantian ini dikarenakan bahan baku kayu sudah semakin sulit dicari dan semakin mahal.Dalam pengoperasiannya, kapal bergerak melalui media air karena adanya gaya dorong dari sistem penggerak kapal. Air memiliki pengaruh terhadap kapal karena memberikan gaya menahan  dari pergerakan kapal yang disebut boat resistanceTahanan mempelajari reaksi fluida terhadap gerakan kapal pada saat melalui fluida tersebut. Tahanan juga disebut resistance drag  adalah besarnya gaya fluida yang melawan gerakan kapal sedemikian rupa yang sejajar dengan sumbu gerak kecepatan kapal (Rosmani  2013).Ada beberapa perbedaan dalam penggunaan metode Kaper pada aplikasi Delftship dan Freeship. Metode Kaper pada aplikasi Delftship metode ini menghasilkan diagram data yang membahas tahanan kapal berdasarkan kecepatan dalam satuan kN dan kecepatan N, sedangkan pada data hasil perhitungan tahanan yang muncul pada perhitungan terakhir yang dicantumkan dalam table data meliputi data kecepatan kapal, meter per detik, Froude Number, tahanan gesek, tahanan sisa, dan tahanan total.Perahu pelang yang diukur bentuk lambungnya telah digambar pada aplikasi Freeship dan menghasilkan linesplan yang menyerupai dengan kapal pelang yang diukur. Hasil penggambaran ini kemudian digunakan dalam penghitungan tahanan pada Freeship menggunakan metode Kaper dan Delft yacht. Hasil output perhitungan diberikan dalam bentuk grafik dan tabel laju kapal, speed lenght ratio, tahanan gesek, tahanan sisa, dan tahanan total. Pada metode Delft ada output tambahan yaitu power.Ada beberapa perbedaan dalam output metode Kaper pada aplikasi Delftship dan Freeship. Metode Kaper pada aplikasi Delftship menghasilkan grafik data yang membahas tahanan kapal berdasarkan laju dalam satuan kn dan kecepatan knot. Data hasil perhitungan tahanan yang muncul pada perhitungan terakhir atau final calculation yang dicantumkan dalam grafik meliputi data laju kapal, speed length ratio, Froude Number, tahanan gesek, tahanan sisa, dan tahanan total

KARAKTERISTIK DIMENSI UTAMA KAPAL PUKAT CINCIN DI PPP BELANG

Fokus dari penelitian ini adalah karakteristik dimensi utama kapal pukat cincin yang  berpangkalan di Pelabuhan Perikanan Pantai (PPP) Belang Minahasa Tenggara. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui rasio atau perbandingan ukuran utama kapal (L/B, L/D, dan B/D),  hubungan antar-ukuran utama kapal (L vs B, L vs D, dan B vs D), dan hubungan ukuran utama kapal (L) dengan kapasitas muat kapal (GT) serta daya mesin pendorong kapal (HP). Metode analisis data dilakukan dengan menggunakan analisis deskriptif melalui tabulasi silang dan penyajian data dalam bentuk kurva hubungan perbandingan ukuran utama kapal, hubungan antar ukuran utama kapal, serta hubungan antara ukuran utama kapal (L) dengan kapasitas muat  (GT) dan daya mesin pendorong kapal (HP).  Hubungan ini dianalisis dengan menggunakan analisis regresi dengan model matematis: Y = a + bX, di mana a (intercept) dan b (koefisien regresi), serta Y dan X  disesuaikan dengan variabel yang akan dianalisis. Untuk menghitung nilai a dan b dari setiap hubungan digunakan aplikasi ‘Curve Expert’. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa perbandingan dimensi utama kapal pukat cincin di PPP Belang masih belum sesuai dengan standar nilai yang ajukan oleh Fyson (1985), di mana nilai L/B dan nilai L/D lebih besar sedangkan nilai B/D  lebih kecil. Terdapat hubungan positif antar-ukuran utama kapal (L/B, L/D, B/D) dan antara ukuran utama kapal (L) dengan kapasitas muat (GT) dan daya mesin (HP). Kata kunci: dimensi utama, karakteristik, pengukuran, pukat cinci

State of the climate in 2018

In 2018, the dominant greenhouse gases released into Earth’s atmosphere—carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide—continued their increase. The annual global average carbon dioxide concentration at Earth’s surface was 407.4 ± 0.1 ppm, the highest in the modern instrumental record and in ice core records dating back 800 000 years. Combined, greenhouse gases and several halogenated gases contribute just over 3 W m−2 to radiative forcing and represent a nearly 43% increase since 1990. Carbon dioxide is responsible for about 65% of this radiative forcing. With a weak La Niña in early 2018 transitioning to a weak El Niño by the year’s end, the global surface (land and ocean) temperature was the fourth highest on record, with only 2015 through 2017 being warmer. Several European countries reported record high annual temperatures. There were also more high, and fewer low, temperature extremes than in nearly all of the 68-year extremes record. Madagascar recorded a record daily temperature of 40.5°C in Morondava in March, while South Korea set its record high of 41.0°C in August in Hongcheon. Nawabshah, Pakistan, recorded its highest temperature of 50.2°C, which may be a new daily world record for April. Globally, the annual lower troposphere temperature was third to seventh highest, depending on the dataset analyzed. The lower stratospheric temperature was approximately fifth lowest. The 2018 Arctic land surface temperature was 1.2°C above the 1981–2010 average, tying for third highest in the 118-year record, following 2016 and 2017. June’s Arctic snow cover extent was almost half of what it was 35 years ago. Across Greenland, however, regional summer temperatures were generally below or near average. Additionally, a satellite survey of 47 glaciers in Greenland indicated a net increase in area for the first time since records began in 1999. Increasing permafrost temperatures were reported at most observation sites in the Arctic, with the overall increase of 0.1°–0.2°C between 2017 and 2018 being comparable to the highest rate of warming ever observed in the region. On 17 March, Arctic sea ice extent marked the second smallest annual maximum in the 38-year record, larger than only 2017. The minimum extent in 2018 was reached on 19 September and again on 23 September, tying 2008 and 2010 for the sixth lowest extent on record. The 23 September date tied 1997 as the latest sea ice minimum date on record. First-year ice now dominates the ice cover, comprising 77% of the March 2018 ice pack compared to 55% during the 1980s. Because thinner, younger ice is more vulnerable to melting out in summer, this shift in sea ice age has contributed to the decreasing trend in minimum ice extent. Regionally, Bering Sea ice extent was at record lows for almost the entire 2017/18 ice season. For the Antarctic continent as a whole, 2018 was warmer than average. On the highest points of the Antarctic Plateau, the automatic weather station Relay (74°S) broke or tied six monthly temperature records throughout the year, with August breaking its record by nearly 8°C. However, cool conditions in the western Bellingshausen Sea and Amundsen Sea sector contributed to a low melt season overall for 2017/18. High SSTs contributed to low summer sea ice extent in the Ross and Weddell Seas in 2018, underpinning the second lowest Antarctic summer minimum sea ice extent on record. Despite conducive conditions for its formation, the ozone hole at its maximum extent in September was near the 2000–18 mean, likely due to an ongoing slow decline in stratospheric chlorine monoxide concentration. Across the oceans, globally averaged SST decreased slightly since the record El Niño year of 2016 but was still far above the climatological mean. On average, SST is increasing at a rate of 0.10° ± 0.01°C decade−1 since 1950. The warming appeared largest in the tropical Indian Ocean and smallest in the North Pacific. The deeper ocean continues to warm year after year. For the seventh consecutive year, global annual mean sea level became the highest in the 26-year record, rising to 81 mm above the 1993 average. As anticipated in a warming climate, the hydrological cycle over the ocean is accelerating: dry regions are becoming drier and wet regions rainier. Closer to the equator, 95 named tropical storms were observed during 2018, well above the 1981–2010 average of 82. Eleven tropical cyclones reached Saffir–Simpson scale Category 5 intensity. North Atlantic Major Hurricane Michael’s landfall intensity of 140 kt was the fourth strongest for any continental U.S. hurricane landfall in the 168-year record. Michael caused more than 30 fatalities and $25 billion (U.S. dollars) in damages. In the western North Pacific, Super Typhoon Mangkhut led to 160 fatalities and$6 billion (U.S. dollars) in damages across the Philippines, Hong Kong, Macau, mainland China, Guam, and the Northern Mariana Islands. Tropical Storm Son-Tinh was responsible for 170 fatalities in Vietnam and Laos. Nearly all the islands of Micronesia experienced at least moderate impacts from various tropical cyclones. Across land, many areas around the globe received copious precipitation, notable at different time scales. Rodrigues and Réunion Island near southern Africa each reported their third wettest year on record. In Hawaii, 1262 mm precipitation at Waipā Gardens (Kauai) on 14–15 April set a new U.S. record for 24-h precipitation. In Brazil, the city of Belo Horizonte received nearly 75 mm of rain in just 20 minutes, nearly half its monthly average. Globally, fire activity during 2018 was the lowest since the start of the record in 1997, with a combined burned area of about 500 million hectares. This reinforced the long-term downward trend in fire emissions driven by changes in land use in frequently burning savannas. However, wildfires burned 3.5 million hectares across the United States, well above the 2000–10 average of 2.7 million hectares. Combined, U.S. wildfire damages for the 2017 and 2018 wildfire seasons exceeded $40 billion (U.S. dollars)

Simulasi pengaruh trim terhadap stabilitas kapal purse seine

Trim adalah perbedaan antara draft depan dan draft belakang. Trim merupakan sudut kemiringan kapal secara membujur. Trim biasanya diukur dalam ukuran inci yang dinyatakan sebagai positif dan negatif. Trim terbagi menjadi 3 bagian yaitu: 1) even keel, 2) trim by the head dan 3) trim by the stern. Tujuan penelitian adalah membandingkan pengaruh trim terhadap stabilitas kapal secara simulasi dengan menggunakan aplikasi MultiSurf dan membandingkan hasil perhitungan stabilitas kapal dengan ketentuan yang dianjurkan oleh International Maritime Organisation (IMO). Penelitian ini bersifat simulasi yaitu merupakan bentuk penelitian yang bertujuan untuk mencari gambaran melalui sebuah sistem berskala kecil atau sederhana (model) di mana di dalam model tersebut akan dilakukan manipulasi atau kontrol untuk melihat pengaruhnya. Penelitian ini mirip dengan penelitian eksperimental, perbedaannya adalah di dalam penelitian ini membutuhkan lingkungan yang benar-benar serupa dengan keadaan atau sistem yang asli. Hasil penelitian dua kapal purse seine yang telah disimulasi mempunyai trim by the head, Berdasarkan standar kestabilan kapal menurut International Maritime Organitation(IMO), makakapal Purse Seine Sampel1mempunyaistabilitas yang lebih baik

Pragmatic Analysis of Speech Acts in Short Dialogue of Listening Comprehension Test

Listening comprehension is regarded as one of the most challenging tasks for students and the majority of students struggle to grasp the proposed meaning in TOEFL short dialogue of listening comprehension test items. The utterances in TOEFL short dialogue test can be analyzed using pragmatic through speech act classification by J. Searle. This study aims to investigate the kind sand the dominant type of speech act in TOEFL short dialogue of listening comprehension test. The study uses a qualitative descriptive approach with a content analysis research design to reach the objectives of this research. The objects were taken through 30 short dialogues in TOEFL listening test items. The results of the study show the distribution of each classification found as the following: 44% for directive, 42% for assertive, 11,5% for expressive, and 1% for commisive. It can be seen that the most dominant type is directive and commissive is less found. The study concludes that test takers must be familiar with the context of the speech to comprehend the proposed meaning of the TOEFL listening items. It is recommended for students to evaluate the meaning of the utterances using the speech acts theories to assist the students in identifying the different sorts of utterances and understanding the proposed meaning of the utterances

Teknologi Attractor Cumi Rangka Besi : Upaya Meningkatkan Produktifitas Sumberdaya Perikanan di Perairan Desa Kalasey Dua, Kecamatan Mandolang Kabupaten Minahasa Provinsi Sulawesi Utara

Kondisi terumbu karang diperairan Sulawesi Utara, khusus di perairan Desa Kalasey Dua sudah dirusakan oleh kegiatan reklamasi yang dimulai sejak Tahun 2011. Dampak ekologi yang sudah dirasakan oleh masyarakat nelayan akibat proyek reklamasi pantai di Kalasey antara lain: rusaknya lahan mangrove dan terumbu karang akibat penimbunan material tanah dan batu secara langsung ke dalam perairan. Akibat rusaknya ekosistim pesisir di wilayah pesisir seperti terumbu karang, algae dll, membuat berkurangnya telur dan individu dewasa cumi-cumi di wilayah pesisir. Salah satu  proses yang dilakukan untuk dapat mempertahankan kelangsungan generasi atau memcegah kepunahan suatu sumberdaya adalah reproduksi atau perkembangbiakan. Dalam konteks penyediaan sumber hidup alternatif, maka Teknologi squid attractor (atraktor cumi). merupakan salah satu sarana buatan yang dapat digunakan untuk meningkatkan daya dukung dan kelestarian sumberdaya cumi-cumi. Squid attractor mempunyai fungsi utama sebagai tempat melekatkan telur cumi-cumi sampai menetas; dan dalam kondisi tertentu sarana ini dapat berfungsi sebagai  fishing ground. Melihat Manfaat dari teknologi atraktor cumi ini, maka beberapa atraktor cumi-cumi rangka besi telah diletakan di perairan Desa Kalasey Dua, dengan tujuan utama memperkaya sumberdaya cumi-cumi di kawasan pesisir, dengan desain  atraktor yang dimodifikasi sehingga dalam pembuatanya mudah dan ramah lingkungan. Penerapan teknologi Attractor cumi ini memilik tingkat efektifitasnya antara 50 – 100 %, atau sebahagian besar sampai seluruh tali ditempeli dengan telur. Hal ini berarti ada penambahan stock sumberdaya cumi di perairan Desa Kalesey dua serta Konservasi lingkungan perairan Desa Kalasey dua

Operasi penangkapan dan penanganan hasil tangkapan pole and line KM Sari Usaha 09: Fishing operation and on-board catch handling of KM Sari Usaha 09 pole and liner

The utilization of marine biological resources in an effort to increase the production of fishery products has always received serious attention from fishing stakeholders. One of the fishing gear used in exploiting fish resources is pole and line. This study aims to examine pole and line fishing operations and methods of handling the catch on board. This factorrs are important in increasing production with maintained fish quality. This research is descriptive in nature and data collection includes primary data obtained directly from the source or research object, and secondary data obtained indirectly from the research object. Fishing operations include preparation activities, especially ship documents, fishing gear, food supplies, fuel and ice blocks. The operation of pole and line fishing gear uses live bait as a determining factor for fishing success. The types of fish caught are skipjack tuna, yellow fin tuna, dolphinfish, and rainbow runner. The steps taken in the process of handling caught fish on board include preparing catch handling equipment, handling freshly caught fish, and handling fish in holds

Studi perbandingan penggunaan bahan bakar gas dan bahan bakar minyak pada mesin katinting

Fuel is an important energy in fishing operations. Fuel is very influential on operational costs. One of the ways that fishermen can make a profit is by reducing the operational costs of fishing. Fuel consumption was calculated at least the amount of fuel used by the katinting engine at three different RPMs, using a ratio of pertalite type fuel oil and 3 kg LPG gas fuel with an engine operating time of 15 minutes. The average pertalite consumption at low RPM is Rp.1,784.25, while the use of LPG is Rp.761. Based on this value, a comparison of 234.461235% found that gas fuel is more efficient than oil fuel. The average pertalite consumption cost at moderate RPM is Rp.2,926.125, while for LPG use it is Rp.1,115. Based on the value found a comparison of 262.432735% gas fuel is more efficient than fuel oil. The average pertalite consumption at high RPM is Rp.4,271.25, while the use of LPG is Rp.1,574. Based on the average value of fuel consumption at high RPM, a comparison of 271.36277 was found. Gas fuel is more economical than the use of fuel oil in the katinting engine, seen from the comparison of the percentage of the consumption of fuel oil and gas fuel at each RPM