Using airborne HIAPER Pole-to-Pole Observations (HIPPO) to evaluate model and remote sensing estimates of atmospheric carbon dioxide

In recent years, space-borne observations of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO_2) have been increasingly used in global carbon-cycle studies. In order to obtain added value from space-borne measurements, they have to suffice stringent accuracy and precision requirements, with the latter being less crucial as it can be reduced by just enhanced sample size. Validation of CO_2 column-averaged dry air mole fractions (XCO_2) heavily relies on measurements of the Total Carbon Column Observing Network (TCCON). Owing to the sparseness of the network and the requirements imposed on space-based measurements, independent additional validation is highly valuable. Here, we use observations from the High-Performance Instrumented Airborne Platform for Environmental Research (HIAPER) Pole-to-Pole Observations (HIPPO) flights from 01/2009 through 09/2011 to validate CO_2 measurements from satellites (Greenhouse Gases Observing Satellite – GOSAT, Thermal Emission Sounder – TES, Atmospheric Infrared Sounder – AIRS) and atmospheric inversion models (CarbonTracker CT2013B, Monitoring Atmospheric Composition and Climate (MACC) v13r1). We find that the atmospheric models capture the XCO_2 variability observed in HIPPO flights very well, with correlation coefficients (r^2) of 0.93 and 0.95 for CT2013B and MACC, respectively. Some larger discrepancies can be observed in profile comparisons at higher latitudes, in particular at 300 hPa during the peaks of either carbon uptake or release. These deviations can be up to 4 ppm and hint at misrepresentation of vertical transport. Comparisons with the GOSAT satellite are of comparable quality, with an r^2 of 0.85, a mean bias μ of −0.06 ppm, and a standard deviation σ of 0.45 ppm. TES exhibits an r^2 of 0.75, μ of 0.34 ppm, and σ of 1.13 ppm. For AIRS, we find an r^2 of 0.37, μ of 1.11 ppm, and σ of 1.46 ppm, with latitude-dependent biases. For these comparisons at least 6, 20, and 50 atmospheric soundings have been averaged for GOSAT, TES, and AIRS, respectively. Overall, we find that GOSAT soundings over the remote Pacific Ocean mostly meet the stringent accuracy requirements of about 0.5 ppm for space-based CO_2 observations

Space-based observations of megacity carbon dioxide

Urban areas now house more than half the world's population, and are estimated to contribute over 70% of global energy-related CO_2 emissions. Many cities have emission reduction policies in place, but lack objective, observation-based methods for verifying their outcomes. Here we demonstrate the potential of satellite-borne instruments to provide accurate global monitoring of megacity CO_2 emissions using GOSAT observations of column averaged CO_2 dry air mole fraction (X_(CO_2)) collected over Los Angeles and Mumbai. By differencing observations over the megacity with those in nearby background, we observe robust, statistically significant X_(CO_2) enhancements of 3.2 ± 1.5 ppm for Los Angeles and 2.4 ± 1.2 ppm for Mumbai, and find these enhancements can be exploited to track anthropogenic emission trends over time. We estimate that X_(CO_2) changes as small as 0.7 ppm in Los Angeles, corresponding to a 22% change in emissions, could be detected with GOSAT at the 95% confidence level

Study Of The Tsunami Aftermath And Recovery (STAR): Ketahanan dan Pemulihan di Sumatra Setelah Tsunami

Tsunami di Samudera Hindia pada tahun 2004 telah menghancurkan ribuan komunitas di negara-negara yang berbatasan dengan Samudera Hindia. Kerusakan paling parah terjadi di Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam dan Provinsi Sumatera Utara, di mana diperkirakan 170.000 jiwa tewas dan ratusan kilometer lingkungan di sepanjang garis pantai hancur. Bencana Tsunami ini telah mendorong diberikannya bantuan yang begitu besar baik dari Pemerintah Indonesia, LSM dan donor bagi kedua provinsi ini. Pada tahun 2007, upaya untuk membangun kembali daerah yang terdampak Tsunami di Indonesia tercatat sebagai proyek rekonstruksi yang paling besar yang pernah dilakukan di sebuah negara berkembang. Studi Paska Tsunami dan Pemulihannya (The Study of the Tsunami Aftermath and Recovery) atau STAR merupakan sebuah studi longitudinal yang mengumpulkan informasi dari individu, rumah tangga, komunitas dan fasilitas di Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam dan Provinsi Sumatera Utara. Studi dirancang untuk mengumpulkan data tentang dampak Tsunami Tahun 2004 baik dampak pendek maupun dampak jangka panjang serta berbagai upaya pemulihan yang dilakukan. Untuk mengetahui dampak Tsunami terhadap kehidupan individu, komunitas dan keluarga serta bagaimana respon mereka terhadap bencana tersebut, kami melaksanakan STAR. Pada tahun 2005 kami mulai dengan mengunjungi kembali 32.000 responden, tersebar dalam 487 komunitas yang sebelumnya pada tahun 2004 sudah pernah diwawancarai dalam survei rumah tangga oleh BPS (Survei Pra-Tsunami). Wawancara paska Tsunami kami lakukan setiap tahun selama 5 tahun sesudah terjadinya Tsunami. Sebanyak 98% dari responden BPS tersebut selamat dari bencana Tsunami di mana kami kemudian berhasil mewawancarai 96% dari mereka, untuk setidaknya sekali dari rangkaian wawancara paska Tsunami yang kami lakukan. Data yang dihasilkan dari studi ini memberikan informasi tentang dampak jangka pendek yang dialami oleh masyarakat dan upaya pemulihan di wilayah-wilayah yang paling parah terdampak Tsunami, yang mana kemudian kami bandingkannya dengan kehidupan masyarakat di wilayah yang tidak terdampak atau hanya sedikit terdampak Tsunami. Kami akan melaporkan hasil studi kami berdasarkan data yang dikumpulkan sejak tahun 2004 sampai tahun 2010. Saat ini kami sedang melakukan survei lanjutan 10 tahun setelah Tsunami

Lincoln, the Hoosier : a restatement of some facts that too many folks seem to have forgotten

An illustration titled The Hoosier Lincoln learning wisdom between the furrows of the field is located on the page before the title page. More illustrations are found throughout the publication. The illustrations are ... pen drawings made at the various localities in Indiana which Lincoln is known to have visited. They are the work of Miss Constance Forsyth of Indianapolis.https://scholarsjunction.msstate.edu/fvw-pamphlets/2132/thumbnail.jp

Lincoln, the Hoosier : a restatement of some facts that too many folks seem to have forgotten

This pamphlet contains a description of the Lincoln family\u27s time in Indiana, beginning with President Lincoln\u27s parents and moving forward throughout his life. The cover has a pen drawing of a young Abraham Lincoln holding an axe and looking over the Indiana countryside at sundown. The title, Lincoln the Hoosier is printed above this illustration. Foreword signed: T.T.F. Attributed to T.T. Frankenberg. Cf. NUC pre-1956 imprints. Illustrated by Constance Forsyth. Published by the Indiana Lincoln Union, Illinois Building, Indianapolis . The illustrations are ... pen drawings made at the various localities in Indiana which Lincoln is known to have visited. They are the work of Miss Constance Forsyth of Indianapolis. --Foreword. Cover does not have Lincoln port., present in some copies.https://scholarsjunction.msstate.edu/fvw-pamphlets/2030/thumbnail.jp

Application of Pulsed Field Gel Electrophoresis to Determine γ-ray-induced Double-strand Breaks in Yeast Chromosomal Molecules

The frequency of DNA double-strand breaks (dsb) was determined in yeast cells exposed to γ-rays under anoxic conditions. Genomic DNA of treated cells was separated by pulsed field gel electrophoresis, and two different approaches for the evaluation of the gels were employed: (1) The DNA mass distribution profile obtained by electrophoresis was compared to computed profiles, and the number of DSB per unit length was then derived in terms of a fitting procedure; (2) hybridization of selected chromosomes was performed, and a comparison of the hybridization signals in treated and untreated samples was then used to derive the frequency of dsb

Organische Dünger in Topfkulturen auf dem Prüfstand - wie steht es mit der Stickstofffreisetzung?

Matching nitrogen demand of plants and N release of organic fertilizers with respect to amount and timing is one key for successful cultivation of organic ornamentals. Thereby for plants with a low to moderate N demand growers can add the fertilizer as complete preplant application (CPA). For plants with a high N demand splitting fertilization in a reduced preplant application combined with an additional fertigation (RPA+F) is preferable. Aim of the current research was the investigation of N release of organic fertilizers in incubation experiments. Results of the incubation experiment were linked to a pot trial with pelargonium. Incubation experiments reveal that most fertilizers release about 40 to 50 % of total N and most nitrogen is released within the first 21 days. Only for sheep wool a delay of N release up to ten days was found. CPA using sheep wool and RPA+F (irrespective of fertilizer) give the best results. The delayed release pattern of sheep wool seems to match best N demand of plants