Efficient Preparation of α-Ketoacetals

The Weinreb amides 2a,b were prepared from the α,α-dimethoxyacetic acids 1c,d. A number of representative nucleophilic additions (RMgX and RLi) on 2 afforded α-ketoacetals 3a–j in 70–99% yield. These compounds represent a versatile arrangement of functional groups of significant synthetic value, as demonstrated in the synthesis of (±)-salbutamol

Determinación de la necesidad de tratamiento de ortodoncia en población de Tepic Nayarit, México

According to the World Health Organization malocclusion is the fourth most frequent pathology in oral cavity. In order to determine how important is the necessity of treatment, different authors developed several index of orthodontic treatment needs to measure the affection of this disease. The index of orthodontics and treatment needs (IOTN), is one of the most useful. This index has the particular characteristic to measure both aspects, Aesthetic component (AC) and the Dental Health Component (DHC). Objective: Determine the level of necessity of orthodontics and treatment needs in a selective group previous treatment in Tepic, Nayarit. Materials and methods: Were used 130 study models. The two components have been measured: AC and DHC. The necessity of treatment was assessed by compared the models with the SCAN for the AC, and calibrating the models according to the reference of the DHC component. Results: It has been show that according to the DHC the 24 % of the study group present great necessity of treatment needs (DHC grades 4 and 5), the 25% have moderate necessity of treatment needs (DHC grade 3), while that of according to the AC the 19% have orthodontic treatment needs (scan 5–7) and the same percentile 19% require great level of treatment needs (scan 8–10). To assess the orthodontic treatment needs in a person, it must consider the dental health component, independently the aesthetic component, in order not to slant information, because the AC last to expense to the orthodontic perspective.De acuerdo a la Organización Mundial de la Salud, las maloclusiones ocupan el cuarto lugar dentro de las enfermedades más frecuentes en la cavidad bucal. Se han utilizado diferentes índices para medir la necesidad de tratamiento. Uno de los más empleados es el Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need (IOTN), se caracteriza por medir dos componentes, el estético (AC) y el de salud dental (DHC). Objetivo: determinar el nivel de necesidad de tratamiento ortodóntico en una muestra de modelos de estudio de personas sin tratamiento previo de la ciudad de Tepic, Nayarit. Materiales y métodos: se utilizaron 130 modelos de estudio. Fueron medidos los dos componentes: AC y DHC. La necesidad de tratamiento se determinó mediante la comparación de modelos de estudios y el SCAN para el componente estético, y la calibración para el componente de salud dental. Resultados: se demostró que de acuerdo al DHC el 24 % de la población presenta gran necesidad de tratamiento (DHC grados 4 y 5), el 25 % porciento una moderada necesidad de tratamiento (DHC grado 3), mientras que de acuerdo al AC el 19% requiere poco tratamiento (scan 5–7) y en el mismo porcentaje (19%) requiere realmente tratamiento (scan 8–10). Conclusión: para determinar la necesidad de tratamiento de un paciente, se debe considerar el componente de salud dental, independientemente del componente estético, ya que este último queda a expensas de la percepción del ortodoncista

Determinación de la necesidad de tratamiento de ortodoncia en población de Tepic Nayarit, México

De acuerdo a la Organización Mundial de la Salud, las maloclusiones ocupan el cuarto lugar dentro de las enfermedades más frecuentes en la cavidad bucal. Se han  utilizado diferentes índices para medir la necesidad de tratamiento. Uno de los más empleados es el Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need (IOTN), se caracteriza por medir dos componentes, el estético (AC) y el de salud dental (DHC). Objetivo: determinar el nivel de necesidad de tratamiento ortodóntico en una muestra de modelos de estudio de personas sin tratamiento previo de la ciudad de Tepic, Nayarit. Materiales y métodos: se utilizaron 130 modelos de estudio. Fueron medidos los dos componentes: AC y DHC. La necesidad de tratamiento se determinó mediante la comparación de modelos de estudios y el SCAN para el componente estético, y la calibración para el componente de salud dental. Resultados: se demostró que de acuerdo al DHC el 24 % de la población  presenta gran necesidad de tratamiento (DHC grados 4 y 5), el 25 % porciento una moderada necesidad de tratamiento (DHC grado 3), mientras que de acuerdo al AC el 19% requiere poco tratamiento (scan 5–7) y en el mismo porcentaje (19%) requiere realmente tratamiento (scan 8–10). Conclusión: para determinar la necesidad de tratamiento de un paciente, se debe considerar el componente de salud dental, independientemente del componente estético, ya que este último queda a expensas de la percepción del ortodoncista

Determination of the need for orthodontic treatment in a population of tepic nayarit, méxico

According to the World Health Organization malocclusion is the fourth most frequent pathology in oral cavity. In order to determine how important is the necessity of treatment, different authors developed several index of orthodontic treatment needsto measure the affection of this disease. The index of orthodontics and treatment needs (IOTN), is one of the most useful. This index has the particular characteristic to measure both aspects, Aesthetic component (AC) and the Dental Health Component (DHC). Objective: Determine the level of necessity of orthodontics and treatment needs in a selective group previous treatment in Tepic, Nayarit. Materials and methods: Were used 130 study models. The two components have been measured: AC and DHC. The necessity of treatment was assessed by compared the models with the SCAN for the AC, and calibrating the models according to the reference of the DHC component. Results: It has been show that according to the DHC the 24 % of the study group present great necessity of treatment needs (DHC grades 4 and 5), the 25% have moderate necessityof treatment needs (DHC grade 3), while that of according to the AC the 19% have orthodontic treatment needs (scan 5–7) and the same percentile 19% require great level of treatment needs (scan 8–10). To assess the orthodontic treatment needs in aperson, it must consider the dental health component, independently the aesthetic component, in order not to slant information, because the AC last to expense to the orthodontic perspective.De acuerdo a la Organización Mundial de la Salud, las maloclusiones ocupan el cuarto lugar dentro de las enfermedades más frecuentes en la cavidad bucal. Se han  utilizado diferentes índices para medir la necesidad de tratamiento. Uno de los más empleados es el Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need (IOTN), se caracteriza por medir dos componentes, el estético (AC) y el de salud dental (DHC). Objetivo: determinar el nivel de necesidad de tratamiento ortodóntico en una muestra de modelos de estudio de personas sin tratamiento previo de la ciudad de Tepic, Nayarit. Materiales y métodos: se utilizaron 130 modelos de estudio. Fueron medidos los dos componentes: AC y DHC. La necesidad de tratamiento se determinó mediante la comparación de modelos de estudios y el SCAN para el componente estético, y la calibración para el componente de salud dental. Resultados: se demostró que de acuerdo al DHC el 24 % de la población  presenta gran necesidad de tratamiento (DHC grados 4 y 5), el 25 % porciento una moderada necesidad de tratamiento (DHC grado 3), mientras que de acuerdo al AC el 19% requiere pocotratamiento (scan 5–7) y en el mismo porcentaje (19%) requiere realmente tratamiento (scan 8–10). Conclusión: para determinar la necesidad de tratamiento de un paciente, se debe considerar el componente de salud dental, independientemente del componente estético, ya que este último queda a expensas de la percepción del ortodoncista

Antioxidant vitamins in asthma

Asthma is a condition of unknown etiology characterized by chronic airway inflammation. Cells that mediate the inflammatory response generate reactive oxygen species that, together with other respiratory tract naturally-occurring oxidant species, produce a rupture of the redox balance, generating oxidative stress. It has been proposed that oxidative stress can be reverted by supplemental or dietary intake of antioxidant vitamins such as vitamin A, C, D and E, and this way relieve, improve or protect people with asthma. In this research, observational and placebo-controlled trials with regard to the role of antioxidant vitamins in the course of asthma, published between 1979 and 2016, were reviewed. The search engines were Google and Google Scholar, whereas consulted databases were PubMed and The Cochrane Library. There were 75 articles relevant to the subject that were found and reviewed, and it was concluded that it is not clear if the intake of supplements of these vitamins has any beneficial clinical effect on asthma control. Further controlled, longer trials are needed to elucidate the role of these nutrients in the course of asthma

Diastereoselective Preparation of (<i>R</i>)- and (<i>S</i>)-2-Methoxy-2-phenylpent-3-ynoic Acids and Their Use as Reliable Chiral Derivatizing Agents

Benzoyl-S,O-acetals <b>1a</b> and <b>1b</b> were used as chiral auxiliaries to achieve the diastereoselective preparation of both enantiomers of 2-methoxy-2-phenylpent-3-ynoic acids (MPPAs). The latter were condensed with several chiral secondary alcohols and some primary amines to evaluate their potential as chiral derivatizing agents (CDAs). The ¹H NMR spectra of the corresponding esters and amides showed strong consistency with the absolute configuration of the carbinol and amine moieties, whose observed ΔδL₁ and ΔδL₂ values were in the ranges of 0.1–0.4 and 0.02–0.12 ppm, respectively

Comparison of Single and Combined Use of Catechin, Protocatechuic, and Vanillic Acids as Antioxidant and Antibacterial Agents against Uropathogenic <i>Escherichia Coli</i> at Planktonic and Biofilm Levels

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of combining catechin, protocatechuic, and vanillic acids against planktonic growing, adhesion, and biofilm eradication of uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC), as well as antioxidant agents. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of protocatechuic, vanillic acids and catechin against the growth of planktonic bacteria were 12.98, 11.80, and 13.78 mM, respectively. Mixing 1.62 mM protocatechuic acid + 0.74 mM vanillic acid + 0.05 mM catechin resulted in a synergistic effect acting as an MIC. Similarly, the minimum concentrations of phenolic compounds to prevent UPEC adhesion and biofilm formation (MBIC) were 11.03 and 7.13 mM of protocatechuic and vanillic acids, respectively, whereas no MBIC of catechin was found. However, combinations of 1.62 mM protocatechuic acid + 0.74 mM vanillic acid + 0.05 mM catechin showed a synergistic effect acting as MBIC. On the other hand, the minimum concentrations to eradicate biofilms (MBEC) were 25.95 and 23.78 mM, respectively. The combination of 3.20 mM protocatechuic acid, 2.97 mM vanillic acid, and 1.72 mM catechin eradicated pre-formed biofilms. The antioxidant capacity of the combination of phenolics was higher than the expected theoretical values, indicating synergism by the DPPH&#8226;, ABTS, and FRAP assays. Effective concentrations of catechin, protocatechuic, and vanillic acids were reduced from 8 to 1378 times when combined. In contrast, the antibiotic nitrofurantoin was not effective in eradicating biofilms from silicone surfaces. In conclusion, the mixture of phenolic compounds was more effective in preventing cell adhesion and eradicating pre-formed biofilms of uropathogenic E. coli than single compounds and nitrofurantoin, and showed antioxidant synergy

Análisis Plural, segundo semestre 2021: A medio trecho, AMLO y la 4T

Con este número termina la primera época de la colección Análisis Plural y se ofrece un artículo especial para reflexionar sobre lo que ha significado esta publicación desde su fundación, hace 33 años. En lo correspondiente al análisis del segundo semestre del 2021, los artículos llevan a la reflexión sobre los aspectos positivos y negativos de la gestión presidencial de Andrés Manuel López Obrador; se abordan también los rasgos de la política educativa y económica; el caso de los Papeles de Pandora y los resultados de la iniciativa que eliminó el outsourcing; ante la decisión de cerrar las escuelas por la pandemia se analizan los dilemas de la enseñanza remota; se plasman las causas de la migración y las estrategias que miles de familias aplican para garantizar su tránsito por México; con relación al cambio climático se expone la poca relevancia que el gobierno de la 4T ha manifestado sobre esta problemática y, para cerrar el análisis se ofrece una crónica de la resistencia de Temacapulín, Acasico y Palmarejo, para salvar su territorio ante la construcción de la presa El Zapotillo que amenazó con inundar sus pueblos.ITESO, A.C