Expression of BART-5, BART-16 and BART-22, and NF-κB factor in classic Hodgkin's lymphoma in pediatric patients Expresión de BART-5, BART -16 y BART -22, y del factor NF-κB en pacientes pediátricos con linfoma de Hodgkin clásico

ABSTRACT Background. Classic Hodgkin's lymphoma (CHL) is a neoplasm in which the presence of, or infection by, the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is associated with disease development. Two aspects of this condition are currently unknown: fi rst, whether molecular regulators such as the microRNAs of EBV are expressed and second, if there is an association with infl ammation-promoting, neoplastic factors in pediatric CHL. The aim of the present study was to use RT-PCR to analyze the expression of the specifi c microRNAs of EBV called BARTs, specifi cally BARTs-5, -16 and -22 and that of factor NF-κB, also using RT-PCR. Methods. A total of 24 cases were selected after meeting the inclusion criteria, which involved different varieties of CHL including the nodular sclerosis (NS) and mixed cellularity (MC) types. These resulted in being the most common ones, each with a frequency of 41.6%. Results. BART-5 was the one most frequently expressed in CHL, at 83.3%. BART-22 was the second most frequent, at 33.3%, compared to 0% in controls (reactive lymph nodes, RLN). In all cases, the differences compared to RLN were signifi cant (p <0.05). Expression of NF-κB was found in 62.5% of CHL cases and was present in 83.3% of RLN (p <0.05). The MC type expressed it in 90% of cases, compared to only 20% for the NS variety (p <0.05). Conclusions. BART-5 was the one most frequently expressed in CHL cases. NF-κB factor is an important indicator of infl ammation most often expressed in RLN

The microRNAs as potential biomarkers for predicting the onset of aflatoxin exposure in human beings: a review

The identification of aflatoxins as human carcinogens has stimulated extensive research efforts, which continue to the present, to assess potential health hazards resulting from contamination of the human food supply and to minimize exposure. The use of biomarkers that are mechanistically supported by toxicological studies will be important tools for identifying stages in the progression of development of the health effects of environmental agents. miRNAs are small non-coding mRNAs that regulate post-transcriptional gene expression. Also, they are molecular markers of cellular responses to various chemical agents. Growing evidence has demonstrated that environmental chemicals can induce changes in miRNA expression. miRNAs are good biomarkers because they are well defined, chemically uniform, restricted to a manageable number of species, and stable in cells and in the circulation. miRNAs have been used as serological markers of HCC and other tumors. The expression patterns of different miRNAs can distinguish among HCC-hepatitis viruses related, HCC cirrhosis-derivate, and HCC unrelated to either of them. The main objective of this review is to find unreported miRNAs in HCC related to other causes, so that they can be used as specific molecular biomarkers in populations exposed to aflatoxins and as early markers of exposure, damage/presence of HCC. Until today specific miRNAs as markers for aflatoxins-exposure and their reliability are currently lacking. Based on their elucidated mechanisms of action, potential miRNAs that could serve as possible markers of HCC by exposure to aflatoxins are miR-27a, miR-27b, miR-122, miR-148, miR-155, miR-192, miR-214, miR-221, miR-429, and miR-500. Future validation for all of these miRNAs will be needed to assess their prognostic significance and confirm their relationship with the induction of HCC due to aflatoxin exposure

Catequinas del té verde: efectos antigenotóxicos y genotóxicos. Revisión sistemática

Las catequinas del té verde (Camellia sinensis) (CTV) presentan efectos benéficos para la salud asociados a su potencial antioxidante. Por otra parte, el estrés oxidante es una de las vías de inducción de daño genotóxico. De ahí que, en la presente revisión se realizó un análisis de los efectos antigenotóxicos y genotóxicos de las CTV, haciendo énfasis en las vías implicadas en estos procesos y sus efectos en la salud. Se realizó una revisión de artículos indexados en las bases de datos de PubMed® y Science Direct® (2021) con las palabras clave “green tea” y “green tea catechins”. Se delimitaron los estudios utilizando los operadores booleanos “AND”, “OR” y “NOT” (“antigenotoxic”, “genotoxic”, “antioxidant” y “prooxidant”). En su mayoría se consideraron las publicaciones del 2016 al 2021. Se observó que los efectos benéficos en la salud de las CTV están relacionados con: a) su actividad antioxidante mediante la captura, inhibición y prevención de la formación de las especies reactivas de oxígeno; b) la regulación del sistema antioxidante endógeno; c) la activación de los mecanismos de reparación al contribuir en la eliminación del aducto 8-hidroxi-2'-desoxiguanosina; d) la inducción de apoptosis en células con daño al ADN; y e) la inhibición de la inflamación relacionada con su actividad antiapoptótica. Si bien, en algunos de los estudios se reportaron efectos genotóxicos, estos a su vez contribuyeron en la eliminación de células con daño genético, por lo que, no se puede considerar del todo a la actividad genotóxica de las CTV como perjudiciales para la salud. The green tea catechins (Camellia sinensis) (CTV) have beneficial effects for health associated with their antioxidant potential. Moreover, oxidative stress is one of the pathways for inducing genotoxic damage. Hence, in this review, an analysis of the antigenotoxic and genotoxic effects of CTV was carried out, emphasizing the pathways involved in these processes and their effects on health. A review of articles indexed in the PubMed® and ScienceDirect® (2021) databases with the keywords “green tea” and “green tea catechins” was carried out. Studies were delimited using the Boolean operators “AND”, “OR” and “NOT” (“antigenotoxic”, “genotoxic”, “antioxidant” and “prooxidant”). For the most part, publications from 2016 to 2021 were considered. It was observed that the beneficial health effects of CTVs are related to: a) their antioxidant activity through the capture, inhibition and prevention of the formation of reactive oxygen species; b) the regulation of the endogenous antioxidant system; c) the activation of the repair mechanisms by contributing to the elimination of the 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine adduct; d) the induction of apoptosis in cells with DNA damage; and e) the inhibition of inflammation related to its antiapoptotic activity. Although some of the studies reported genotoxic effects, these in turn contributed to the elimination of cells with genetic damage. Therefore, the genotoxic activity of CTV cannot be considered as harmful to health

Analysis of Chromosome 17 miRNAs and Their Importance in Medulloblastomas

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small sequences of nucleotides that regulate posttranscriptionally gene expression. In recent years they have been recognized as very important general regulators of proliferation, differentiation, adhesion, cell death, and others. In some cases, the characteristic presence of miRNAs reflects some of the cellular pathways that may be altered. Particularly medulloblastomas (MB) represent entities that undergo almost characteristic alterations of chromosome 17: from loss of discrete fragments and isochromosomes formation to complete loss of one of them. An analysis of the major loci on this chromosome revealed that it contains at least 19 genes encoding miRNAs which may regulate the development and differentiation of the brain and cerebellum. miRNAs are regulators of real complex networks; they can regulate from 100 to over 300 messengers of various proteins. In this review some miRNAs are considered to be important in MB studies. Some of them are miRNA-5047, miRNA-1253, miRNA-2909, and miRNA-634. Everyone can significantly affect the development, growth, and cell invasion of MB, and they have not been explored in this tumor. In this review, we propose some miRNAs that can affect some genes in MB, and hence the importance of its study

Expresión de los mRNAS de ferritina y del receptor a la transferrina en pulmones de niños residentes de la ciudad de México y provincia

Air is the element that is in direct contact into the lung. It performs the interchange of gases, and iron can turn on pro-oxidant and affect lung cells. Altitude and the presence of oxidants can perturb its metabolism. Children are most susceptible to the effects of changes in the environment. However, we don�t know if the metabolism of iron can be altered in children living in different atmospheres. The objective of this study was document the expression of some genes of the iron metabolism in lung tissue of children of both Mexico City dwellers (MCD) and outside residents (OR). The mRNA expression of transferrin receptor (TfR) and ferritin (Fer) were evaluated by RT-PCR. Results showed an increase in their expression of TfR and Fer in MCD group: 1.8-, and 1.5-fold, respectively, against to observed in OR. The expression of the TfR was 1.04 ± 0.385 in MCD and was higher than OR, 0.703 ± 0.350, these differences were significant. These results for first time demonstrated an increase of expression of genes that participate in the iron metabolism of the lung in Mexican children.El pulmón es el órgano que entra en contacto con el aire, maneja el intercambio gaseoso; así el fierro se convierte en un pro-oxidante en las células pulmonares. La altitud y la presencia de oxidantes provocan alteraciones en su metabolismo. Los niños son los más susceptibles a los cambios en el ambiente. Sin embargo, no se conoce si el metabolismo del fierro se altere en niños que viven en diferentes atmósferas. El objetivo del trabajo fue documentar la expresión de algunos genes del metabolismo del fierro, en pulmones de niños residentes de la ciudad de México (CM) y provincia (Prov). Se evaluó por RT-PCR la expresión del receptor a la transferrina (TfR) y de la ferritina (Fer). Los resultados mostraron un incremento en la expresión del TfR y de la Fer en los residentes de la CM: 1.8 y 1.5 veces más, respectivamente, de las observadas en residentes de Prov. La diferencia fue significativa sólo para la expresión del TfR: 1.04 ± 0.385 vs 0.703 ± 0.350, para CM y Prov, respectivamente (p<0.05). Estos resultados por primera vez demuestran un incremento en la expresión de un par de genes que participan en el metabolismo del fierro en pulmón de niños mexicanos