Tanzanian Coastal and Marine Resources: Some Examples Illustrating Questions of Sustainable Use

This is Chapter 4 of the book Lessons Learned: Case Studies in Sustainable Use. The coast of Tanzania is characterised by a wide diversity of biotopes and species, typical of the tropical Indowest Pacific oceans, and the peoples living there utilise a variety of its natural resources. Because of the extent of the diversity and variety, several different examples are used by this study to elucidate the complexity of issues and multiplicity of management responses related to use of coastal and marine resources. It emerges that coastal management requires an integrated cross-sectoral approach to address the wide array of inter related issues involved.The study describes the status of selected resources from the principal biotopes (coral reefs, mangroves, seagrass beds and beaches) as well as fish stocks, and it examines various forms of their utilisation. Some special cases of endangered species are also examined. The study attempts to analyse questions of sustainable use in relation to ecosystem dynamics, socio-economic processes, institutions and policies. The characteristics for what we consider as approaching a state of sustainable use are proposed, and the requirements considered necessary for ensuring sustainability are outlined. Past experience and the current status of coastal and marine resource uses are summarised through the examples chosen in order to explain the main constraints to the attainment of sustainability. Cross cutting issues related to the breakdown of traditional management systems for common property resources in the face of increasing commercialisation, privatisation, and external interventions appear to pose general problems. The general experiences of community projects, legislation, and mitigation measures are assessed from the examples we have chosen

Grounded: characterising the market exit of European low cost airlines

The aim of this paper is to undertake a comprehensive study of LCC market entry and exit in Europe between 1992 and 2012. In the 20 year period between 1992 and 2012, 43 low cost carriers (LCCs) have taken advantage of the progressive liberalisation of the European aviation market and commenced scheduled flight operations within the continent. Of these 43, only 10 remain operational, a failure rate of 77%. This paper contributes to extant literature on LCCs by examining the market entry, business practices, operating longevity and fate of failed operators to characterise European LCC market exit. Drawing on the findings of a detailed continental-wide study, the paper identifies that an airline’s start-up date, the nature and size of its operation and the size and composition of its aircraft fleet are key factors which influence LCC success and failure. The implications for both European and emerging LCC markets are discussed

Psychological type and attitude towards Celtic Christianity among committed Churchgoers in the United Kingdom: an empirical study

This article takes the burgeoning interest in Celtic Christianity as a key example of the way in which churches may be responding to the changing spiritual and religious landscape in the United Kingdom today and examines the power of psychological type theory to account for variation in the attitude of committed churchgoers to this innovation. Data provided by a sample of 248 Anglican clergy and lay church officers (who completed the Francis Psychological Type Scales together with the Attitude toward Celtic Christianity Scale) demonstrated that intuitive types, feeling types, and perceiving types reported a more positive attitude towards Celtic Christianity than sensing types, thinking types, and judging types. These findings are interpreted to analyse the appeal of Celtic Christianity and to suggest why some committed churchgoers may find this innovation less attractive

The Acquisition Of Equipment In A Research And Development Environment

This research addressed a critical issue that has faced managers of business organizations: the efficient and effective utilization of diverse resources to achieve a common objective. The chosen environment for this research was the involvement of purchasing in the acquisition of equipment within a research and development function. The research involved new scale development, administration of questionnaires and field interviews with scientists, purchasers and managers in twenty seven research centres in Canada and the United States. Case vignettes are presented to enrich the understanding of the acquisition process.;Examples of both low and high purchasing involvement were found. In low involvement situations, the time spent by the scientist on the acquisition task was predictable. The scientists expressed little confidence in purchasing\u27s ability to contribute beyond a narrow role definition of the buying task. Scientists felt strongly about control over the equipment decisions. The relationship between the scientist and the purchaser can be considered as one of task specialization with contradictory objectives.;In those cases where purchasing was playing a significant role in the equipment acquisition process, both direct financial and perceptual benefits were recorded. The scientists expressed confidence in purchasing\u27s ability to contribute during all stages in the acquisition process. A good predictor of high involvement was the purchaser\u27s technical ability. The relationship between purchasing and the scientist was one of mutual respect and shared values. In all high involvement cases, purchasing regarded the scientist as a valued customer.;The research is believed to have merit to practicing managers and suggests future research opportunities. High involvement by purchasing may be a small but important contributor to the creation of a conducive research climate. The perceptual benefits from meaningful involvement (client satisfaction) may be more significant in the long term than the direct and measurable ones.;This research also adds support to the importance of cooperation and team work for business success. High levels of purchasing involvement may be indicative of the general management philosophy within the firm and a predictor of competitive success

The characterization of novel transgenic murine models of Neisseria gonorrhoeae infection and development of a natural outer membrane vesicle anti-gonococcal vaccine candidate

Untreatable gonorrhea, caused by fully antimicrobial resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae (GC), is a major global health threat. While a vaccine would greatly help address this crisis, development of a GC vaccine is complicated by the lack of lab models of symptomatic gonorrhea. We hypothesized that overt disease in animal models of gonorrhea is limited by the human-restriction of gonococcal virulence factors, and the impact of the reproductive hormone cycle (estrus and diestrus phases). We tested these hypotheses by examining the host response to infection in transgenic mice expressing targets of bacterial adhesion, human carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecules (hCEACAMs), in uterine versus vaginal infections, and in different phases of the reproductive cycle (estrus and diestrus phases). hCEACAM expression most impacted estrus phase infections, prolonging colonization in vaginal infection and inducing greater inflammation in uterine. Reproductive phase greatly influenced host response to uterine infection as diestrus infection was more inflammatory than estrus. Phase differences in uterine infection were driven by greater activation of a chemokine-centric common anti gonococcal response and unique induction of type 1 interferons in diestrus. These findings suggest that symptomatic uterine and vaginal GC infection can be modeled by transcervically infected wild-type diestrus mice and transgenic, vaginally-infected estrus mice, respectively. A novel approach to GC vaccine development is also needed. Mono-antigenic vaccines have failed to produce immunity suggesting a poly-antigenic antigen, like natural outer membrane vesicles (nOMVs) may be necessary. It has been shown that any GC vaccine must lack the bacterioprotective antigen, reduction modifiable protein (RMP), and no such nOMV has been previously described. Here we report successful isolation of RMP-deficient nOMVs through sequential size and weight restrictive filtration. Vesicle morphology, proteomics, and bioactivity was characterized via various methods. nOMVs were found to be consistent in size, shape and antigenic load. As antigens, nOMVs induced high serum titers and measurable vaginal levels of antigen and GC specific IgG that recognized several nOMV immunogens supporting the vaccine potential of GC nOMVs. These findings lay the groundwork for protective studies of nOMV vaccines in novel models of active gonorrhea moving the field closer to discovering the mechanism of protective anti-gonococcal immunity

Sorting between and within Industries: A Testable Model of Assortative Matching

We test Shimer\u27s (2005) theory of the sorting of workers between and within industrial sectors based on directed search with coordination frictions, deliberately maintaining its static general equilibrium framework. We fit the model to sector-specific wage, vacancy and output data, including publicly-available statistics that characterize the distribution of worker and employer wage heterogeneity across sectors. Our empirical method is general and can be applied to a broad class of assignment models. The results indicate that industries are the loci of sorting-more productive workers are employed in more productive industries. The evidence confirms that strong assortative matching can be present even when worker and employer components of wage heterogeneity are weakly correlated

Sorting Between and Within Industries: A Testable Model of Assortative Matching

We test Shimer\u27s (2005) theory of the sorting of workers between and within industrial sectors based on directed search with coordination frictions, deliberately maintaining its static general equilibrium framework. We fit the model to sector-specific wage, vacancy and output data, including publicly-available statistics that characterize the distribution of worker and employer wage heterogeneity across sectors. Our empirical method is general and can be applied to a broad class of assignment models. The results indicate that industries are the loci of sorting--more productive workers are employed in more productive industries. The evidence confirms that strong assortative matching can be present even when worker and employer components of wage heterogeneity are weakly correlated

Developmental stages in the acquisition of English wh-questions by Bisaya-speaking children

【学位授与の要件】中央大学学位規則第4条第1項【論文審査委員主査】平川　眞規子(中央大学文学部教授)【論文審査委員副査】若林　茂則(中央大学文学部教授),マシューズ ジョン(中央大学文学部教授),Lee, Aldrin P.（フィリピン大学ディリマン校准教授）博士(文学）中央大

Timing of volcanism and evolution of the northern Kenya Rift

Journal ArticleThe northern Kenya Rift is bounded on the west by uplands of Turkana which comprise horst-like blocks that include metamorphic basement rocks, locally overlain unconformably by the Cretaceous Lubur Sandstone, in turn overlain by predominantly volcanic sequences in which relatively thin sedimentary packages occur. Amphibolite facies crystalline rocks of the basement yield Early Palaeozoic K-Ar cooling ages reflecting the Pan-African Orogeny. Volcanism in Turkana was initiated through voluminous eruptions of transitional tholeiitic basalts commencing about 36 Ma ago in the Late Eocene, with some evidence for concomitant rhyolitic volcanism. Volcanism became dominantly rhyolitic in the interval from about 27 to 23 Ma ago, but remained bimodal as basaltic lavas are also known from this period. From about 19 to 15 Ma or younger, basaltic volcanism again dominated, often alkaline in nature, with thin but significant sedimentary sequences interleaved that have yielded important vertebrate faunal assemblages. Parallels exist between the volcanic history recorded in Turkana and that found in the Nabwal Hills east of Lake Turkana. In the southern Turkana region, oil exploration by seismic methods and deep drill holes has shown the existence of northerly-trending half-graben with up to 7 km of fill, and that these developed from at least Oligocene and possibly Late Eocene times. This suggests that the widespread basaltic volcanism at about 36 Ma ago (Late Eocene) heralds an earlier initiation of the Kenya Rift in northern Kenya than most workers have previously suggested