Pâturer l’arganeraie : Le chevreau face à l’huile d’argan

Au Maroc, l’arganier est souvent qualifié d’« arbre à chèvres », car les animaux se nourrissent de ses feuilles et de ses fruits. L’arbre est également exploité pour la production d’huile d’argan dont le succès économique est grandissant depuis les années quatre-vingt-dix. En s’inscrivant chacune dans une démarche d’indication géographique (aboutie pour l’huile et en cours pour celle du chevreau), ces deux activités, hier réunies de façon organique, se retrouvent aujourd’hui concurrentes dans l’accès aux ressources de l’arganeraie, classée depuis 1998 patrimoine mondial de l’UNESCO. Pointé comme une menace pour cet écosystème remarquable, le pâturage aérien est au cœur de la controverse. Si le projet de labellisation du chevreau a participé à la publicisation de cette dernière, il a par ailleurs aussi permis aux éleveurs d’acquérir une capacité d’expression collective et de s’investir dans le renouvellement du sens conféré à leurs savoirs et cultures techniques.In Morocco, the argan tree is often referred to as a « goat tree » because these animals feed on its leaves and fruits. The tree is also used to produce argan oil whose economic success has continued to grow since the 1990s. By attributing a geographical indication to each one (already done for the oil and in progress for the kids), these two activities, which were organically linked together in the past, are now in competition for access to the resources of the argan forest, on the UNESCO World Heritage List since 1998. Singled out as a threat to this extraordinary ecosystem, aerial grazing is at the core of the controversy. Although the labeling project for the kid contributed to publicizing this controversy, it also provided the opportunity for goat farmers to acquire the ability to express themselves as a group, enabling them to attribute a renewed meaning to their technical cultures

Pour une politique ambitieuse des données publiques

Ce rapport présente une étude sur la réutilisation des données publiques, menée pour la Délégation aux usages de l’Internet du Ministère de l’Enseignement supérieur et de la Recherche dans le cadre du Master d’Action Publique de l’École des Ponts ParisTech. Il met en perspective la problématique et les enjeux de l’Open Data, propose un état des lieux de la réutilisation des données publiques en France, et dessine trois scénarios prospectifs pour l’évolution future de ce mouvement. Elle présente seize propositions pour une politique nationale ambitieuse d’ouverture et de réutilisation des données publiques. Quatre élèves de l’École des Ponts ParisTech, Pierre-Henri Bertin, Romain Lacombe, François Vauglin et Alice Vieillefosse ont mené cette analyse de septembre 2010 à janvier 2011, en rencontrant les acteurs clés de la réutilisation des données publiques, en prenant part à des colloques internationaux, et en s’appuyant sur la bibliographie existante

High quality phased assembly of grape genome offer new opportunities in chimera detection

In perennial plants and especially those propagated through cuttings, several genotypes can coexist in a single individual, thus leading to chimeras. When the variant induces a noticeable phenotype modification, it can lead to a new cultivar. Viticulture already took economic advantage of this natural phenomenon: for instance, the berry skin of ‘Pinot gris’ derived from ‘Pinot noir’ by the selection of a chimera. Chimeras could also impact other crucial traits without being visually identified. Periclinal chimera where the variant has entirely colonized a cell layer is the most stable and can be propagated through cuttings. In grapevine, two functional cell layers are present in leaves, L1 and L2. However, lateral roots are formed from the L2 cell layer only. Thus, comparing DNA sequences of roots and leaves could allow chimera detection. In this study we used new generation Hifi long reads sequencing and recent bioinformatics tools applied to ‘Merlot’ to detect periclinal chimeras. Sequencing of ‘Magdeleine Noire des Charentes’ and ‘Cabernet franc’, the parents of ‘Merlot’, allowed haplotype resolved assembly. Pseudomolecules were built with few contigs, in some occasions only one per chromosome. This high resolution allowed haplotype comparison. Annotation from PN40024 was transferred to all pseudomolecules. Through variant detection, periclinal chimeras were found on both haplotypes. These results open new perspectives on chimera detection, which is an important resource to improve cultivars through clonal selection or breed new ones. Detailed results will be presented and discussed

Study of the dynamic aberrations of the human tear film

The dynamic aberrations introduced by the human tear film are studied by measuring the topography of the tear film surface on 14 subjects using a curvature sensing setup. The RMS wavefront error variation of the data obtained is presented showing the non-negligible contribution of the tear film to overall eye aberrations. The tear film wavefronts are decomposed in their constituent Zernike terms, showing stronger contributions from 4th order terms and terms with vertical symmetry, and the temporal behaviour of these aberrations is analysed

Frequent EGFR Positivity and Overexpression in High-Grade Areas of Human MPNSTs

Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumours (MPNSTs) are highly malignant and resistant. Transformation might implicate up regulation of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). Fifty-two MPNST samples were studied for EGFR, Ki-67, p53, and survivin expression by immunohistochemistry and for EGFR amplification by in situ hybridization. Results were correlated with clinical data. EGFR RNA was also quantified by RT-PCR in 20 other MPNSTs and 14 dermal neurofibromas. Half of the patients had a neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1). EGFR expression, detected in 86% of MPNSTs, was more frequent in NF1 specimens and closely associated with high-grade and p53-positive areas. MPNSTs expressed more EGFR transcripts than neurofibromas. No amplification of EGFR locus was observed. NF1 status was the only prognostic factor in multivariate analysis, with median survivals of 18 and 43 months for patients with or without NF1. Finally, EGFR might become a new target for MPNSTs treatment, especially in NF1-associated MPNSTs

Título: Petits traités économiques

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