Malaria, Production and Income of the Producers of Coffee and Cocoa: an Analysis from Survey Data in Côte d’Ivoire. Malaria, coffee and cocoa production and income

The sectors of coffee and cocoa represented in Côte d'Ivoire, before the political crisis, approximately 15% of the GDP and 40% of exports. The zones of production of these two cultures are in the forest area which is infected with malaria. The culture of these products is less constraining than that of the food crops such as rice or yam (one does not need to replant each year for example). However, the maintenance of the ground and of the trees and pest management contribute to obtain high yields. In addition, these products allow the producers to obtain monetary income. However, output is not the sole determinant of the level of income: precocity and speed of gathering, by permitting early sale, contribute to get higher income. In addition, food crops such as rice growing, are produced in the area. The objective of this paper is twofold, first, to evaluate the role of malaria on coffee and cocoa productions, second, to assess if the behaviour of rural households facing a liberalisation of the coffee and cocoa chains has an impact on their income. Three functions are thus estimated: production of coffee, production of cocoa and income. Data are taken from a survey carried out on 800 households (21 villages) in 1999 in the forest area of Danané. The main results are the absence of malaria impact on productions and the dominance of individual over collective sale strategies.cocoa, coffee, lowland rice, malaria, sharecropping, Côte d’Ivoire

: groupe d'étude PREMODA

International audienceOBJECTIVES: In agreement with national guidelines published in 2007, limiting duration of expulsive efforts to 30 minutes is a common obstetrical practice in France. In many other countries, there is no fixed limit for pushing duration. The objective of our work is to analyze mode of delivery and neonatal issues according to duration of expulsive efforts. PATIENTS AND METHODS: It is a secondary analysis of an observational prospective study, among low-risk primiparous women, in 138 French maternity units. According to duration of expulsive efforts, we determined proportions of spontaneous and instrumental vaginal deliveries. Then, we analyzed the risk of neonatal asphyxia (defined by p

Malaria, Production and Income of the Producers of Coffee and Cocoa: an Analysis from Survey Data in Côte d'Ivoire. Malaria, coffee and cocoa production and income

The sectors of coffee and cocoa represented in Côte d'Ivoire, before the political crisis, approximately 15% of the GDP and 40% of exports. The zones of production of these two cultures are in the forest area which is infected with malaria. The culture of these products is less constraining than that of the food crops such as rice or yam (one does not need to replant each year for example). However, the maintenance of the ground and of the trees and pest management contribute to obtain high yields. In addition, these products allow the producers to obtain monetary income. However, output is not the sole determinant of the level of income: precocity and speed of gathering, by permitting early sale, contribute to get higher income. In addition, food crops such as rice growing, are produced in the area. The objective of this paper is twofold, first, to evaluate the role of malaria on coffee and cocoa productions, second, to assess if the behaviour of rural households facing a liberalisation of the coffee and cocoa chains has an impact on their income. Three functions are thus estimated: production of coffee, production of cocoa and income. Data are taken from a survey carried out on 800 households (21 villages) in 1999 in the forest area of Danané. The main results are the absence of malaria impact on productions and the dominance of individual over collective sale strategies

Dette extérieure et situation socio-politique : quel rôle dans les dépenses publiques de santé dans les pays en développement ?

The aim of this paper is to analyze the determinants of public health expenditure in developing countries. This is done through an econometric analysis of panel data for 61 countries. A special interest is devoted to the role of external financial constraints, on corruption and on two aspects of the socio-politic situation : socio-politic unrest and ethnic structure. By highlighting the positive role of net transfers and external grants in the highly indebted poor countries (HIPC), our results back the approach according to which the alleviation of debt burden in these countries could lead to an increase in public health expenditure, but we find no evidence of this potential effect for the other countries. Our results also bring to the fore the importance of corruption issues with the presence of a threshold above which corruption has a negative effect on public health expenditure. Socio-politic unrest have also a negative impact on public resources allocated to health. Ethnic dominance appears to free a room for maneuver the governments can use to increase public expenditures in health sector. Our results also emphasizes the absence of any statistic relation between the populations’ health status as a determinant of public health expenditure.ethnic dominance, socio-political instability –, corruption –, health –, debt –, Public expenditure –

2D Numerical Modeling of the Ultrasonic Wave Propagation in Concrete: a Parameterization Study in the Multiple Scattering Medium

Linear Ultrasonic Techniques play a major role in Non-Destructive Evaluation (NDE) for civil engineering structures in concrete since they can meet operational requirements. Interpretation of ultrasonic measurements could be improved by a better understanding of ultrasonic wave propagation in a multiple scattering medium. In this work, we aim to get a 2D numerical model of ultrasonic wave propagating in concrete integrating the multiple scattering phenomena. This model will be used to realize some parametric studies of different parameters (wave frequency, aggregate size…) in order to interpreter the measurements or to optimize the measurement parameters before an auscultation. To get our numerical model, we use a step-by-step methodology based on the comparison between numerical results from SPECFEM software and experimental data and analytical approach available in the literature. First, this methodology was applied to one scattering element (cylinder) in a homogenous medium. Then, we model a multiple scattering media composed of a set of cylinders of random sizes and positions. Finally, we used numerical descriptions adapted to the case of industrial concrete that takes into account aggregates with a special size distribution in a mortar matrix

Developing an acoustic-phonetic characterization of dysarthric speech in French

- ISBN: 2-9517408-6-7 - Domaines: Phonetic Databases, Phonology, Person IdentificationInternational audienceThis paper presents the rationale, objectives and advances of an on-going project (the DesPho-APaDy project funded by the French National Agency of Research) which aims to provide a systematic and quantified description of French dysarthric speech, over a large population of patients and three dysarthria types (related to the parkinson's disease, the Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis disease, and a pure cerebellar alteration). The two French corpora of dysarthric patients, from which the speech data have been selected for analysis purposes, are firstly described. Secondly, this paper discusses and outlines the requirement of a structured and organized computerized platform in order to store, organize and make accessible (for selected and protected usage) dysarthric speech corpora and associated patients' clinical information (mostly disseminated in different locations: labs, hospitals, ...). The design of both a computer database and a multi-field query interface is proposed for the clinical context. Finally, advances of the project related to the selection of the population used for the dysarthria analysis, the preprocessing of the speech files, their orthographic transcription and their automatic alignment are also presented

3D Cohort Study : The Integrated Research Network in Perinatology of Quebec and Eastern Ontario

Background: The 3D Cohort Study (Design, Develop, Discover) was established to help bridge knowledge gaps about the links between various adverse exposures during pregnancy with birth outcomes and later health outcomes in children. Methods: Pregnant women and their partners were recruited during the first trimester from nine sites in Quebec and followed along with their children through to 2 years of age. Questionnaires were administered during pregnancy and post-delivery to collect information on demographics, mental health and life style, medical history, psychosocial measures, diet, infant growth, and neurodevelopment. Information on the delivery and newborn outcomes were abstracted from medical charts. Biological specimens were collected from mothers during each trimester, fathers (once during the pregnancy), and infants (at delivery and 2 years of age) for storage in a biological specimen bank. Results: Of the 9864 women screened, 6348 met the eligibility criteria and 2366 women participated in the study (37% of eligible women). Among women in the 3D cohort, 1721 of their partners (1704 biological fathers) agreed to participate (73%). Two thousand two hundred and nineteen participants had a live singleton birth (94%). Prenatal blood and urine samples as well as vaginal secretions were collected for ≥98% of participants, cord blood for 81% of livebirths, and placental tissue for 89% of livebirths. Conclusions: The 3D Cohort Study combines a rich bank of multiple biological specimens with extensive clinical, life style, and psychosocial data. This data set is a valuable resource for studying the developmental etiology of birth and early childhood neurodevelopmental outcomes