Rewriting and narrowing for constructor systems with call-time choice semantics

Non-confluent and non-terminating constructor-based term rewrite systems are useful for the purpose of specification and programming. In particular, existing functional logic languages use such kind of rewrite systems to define possibly non-strict non-deterministic functions. The semantics adopted for non-determinism is call-time choice, whose combination with non-strictness is a non trivial issue, addressed years ago from a semantic point of view with the Constructor-based Rewriting Logic (CRWL), a well-known semantic framework commonly accepted as suitable semantic basis of modern functional logic languages. A drawback of CRWL is that it does not come with a proper notion of one-step reduction, which would be very useful to understand and reason about how computations proceed. In this paper we develop thoroughly the theory for the first order version of letrewriting, a simple reduction notion close to that of classical term rewriting, but extended with a let-binding construction to adequately express the combination of call-time choice with non-strict semantics. Let-rewriting can be seen as a particular textual presentation of term graph rewriting. We investigate the properties of let-rewriting, most remarkably their equivalence with respect to a conservative extension of the CRWL-semantics coping with let-bindings, and we show by some case studies that having two interchangeable formal views (reduction/semantics) of the same language is a powerful reasoning tool. After that, we provide a notion of let-narrowing which is adequate for call-time choice as proved by soundness and completeness results of let-narrowing with respect to letre writing. Moreover, we relate those let-rewriting and let-narrowing relations (and hence CRWL) with ordinary term rewriting and narrowing, providing in particular soundness and completeness of let-rewriting with respect to term rewriting for a class of programs which are deterministic in a semantic sense

A low-cost LED-Based solar simulator

Solar simulators are a fundamental instrument to characterize solar cells parameters, as they can reproduce the operating conditions under which the solar cells are going to work. However, these systems are frequently big, heavy, and expensive, and a small solar simulator could be a good contribution to test small prototyping devices manufactured in research labs, especially if it could manage the irradiation at any wavelength interval in a custom way. We have designed, developed, and calibrated a small solar simulator made entirely with LEDs, no optics inside, and electronically controlled through a PC using an Arduino microcontroller. The whole structure is 3-D printed in black PLA plastic. The electrical current through the LEDs, and thus the spectral irradiance of the simulator, is controlled with a very intuitive LabVIEW interface. As our calibration proves, we have built an easily reproducible and low-cost Class AAA solar simulator in a central illumination area of 1 cm 2 , according to the IEC60904-9 standard. This means that the homogeneity in that area is under a 2% deviation in spatial terms, below 0.5% in temporal terms, and is a factor of a 3% close to the AM1.5G sun reference spectrum. The system can be built and used in any research lab to get quick tests of new small solar cells of any material.This work was supported in part by the Spanish Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad through AEI/FEDER, UE Funds under Grant TEC2016-77242-C3-1-R and in part by the Comunidad de Madrid SINFOTON-CM Research Program under Grant S2013/MIT-2790. The work of E. López-Fraguas was supported by the Ministerio de Educación y Formación Profesional for his Doctoral Grant through FPU Research Fellowship under Grant FPU17/00612

COVID-19 and e-teaching at University: practical case of the Advanced Pharmaceutical Management course

La crisis sanitaria derivada del COVID-19 cambió completamente el panorama educativo universitario. La enseñanza presencial fue suspendida o limitada a lo estrictamente necesario y, por consiguiente, las actividades docentes replanificadas y adaptadas a una modalidad exclusivamente virtual. El objetivo del presente trabajo es evaluar la calidad de la enseñanza virtual de la disciplina de Gestión Farmacéutica Avanzada, basada fundamentalmente en seminarios y casos prácticos, y que tradicionalmente se impartía de manera presencial. Los resultados obtenidos indican que, en general, la mayoría de los alumnos están satisfechos con la modalidad de docencia virtual de esta disciplina, siendo la plataforma virtual Moodle y la herramienta virtual “Blackboard Collaborate” buenas herramientas docentes. Sin embargo, los alumnos indicaron una mayor facilidad de distracción y una mayor dificultad a la hora de seguir las explicaciones, especialmente en la enseñanza de los seminarios, mostrando además una pérdida de aprendizaje al respecto con relación a la enseñanza presencial. Esto nos indica que una docencia presencial combinada con la modalidad online sería lo más adecuado.The COVID-19 health crisis changed the education system at university. The face-to-face teaching was suspended or limited to the essential activities. Therefore, teaching activities were completely replanned and adapted to an e-teaching modality. The aim of this work was to evaluate the quality of e-teaching of the Advanced Pharmaceutical Management course, mainly focused on seminars and practical cases, and that was offered via face-to-face modality. The results of this study indicated that, in general, most of the students were pleased with e-teaching and that Moodle platform and “Blackboard Collaborate” virtual tool are excellent resources for e-learning. However, the students declared that it was easier to get distracted and more difficult to follow the lessons, especially the seminars. Compared with face-to-face teaching, a loss of learning was also appreciated. This indicate that a blended learning would be more suitable.Facultad de Informátic

Caracterización de las proteínas de la membrana del glóbulo graso de vaca y oveja y de sus hidrolizados

La leche contiene componentes bioactivos, entre ellos diversas proteínas, para los que se han identificado varias actividades de interés para la salud humana. En este trabajo se ha abordado el estudio de las proteínas de la membrana del glóbulo graso de la leche (MFGM), a las que se atribuyen propiedades tecnológicas y biológicas. Debido a su baja concentración y a su localización, estas proteínas son difíciles de aislar, por ello, en este Trabajo Fin de Máster, se han estudiado varias estrategias de extracción para diferentes muestras lácteas, como nata de oveja y de vaca, y sueros de mantequilla de vaca (buttermilk) comerciales en polvo. Además, se han analizado los extractos obtenidos por SDS-PAGE tanto para caracterizarlos, como para aislar alguna de las proteínas mayoritarias, en concreto la butirofilina, y producir anticuerpos policlonales frente a ella. Utilizando estos anticuerpos se ha puesto a punto un ELISA competitivo y se ha estimado el contenido de butirofilina en buttermilk obtenido de nata cruda de vaca y en los buttermilk comerciales. Con el fin de completar el estudio de caracterización, los extractos enriquecidos en proteínas de la MFGM se han sometido a electroforesis en dos dimensiones, habiéndose identificado algunos spots por técnicas proteómicas. Asimismo, los buttermilk se han sometido a un proceso de digestión gástrica in vitro y se han caracterizado los hidrolizados por electroforesis y se ha determinado el grado de hidrólisis por un método colorimétrico. Por último, se han realizado unos experimentos preliminares para evaluar la actividad antibacteriana de los hidrolizados frente a Cronobacter sakazakii, con resultados muy prometedores, ya que se ha observado inhibición del crecimiento

Boosting ultrathin aSi-H solar cells absorption through a nanoparticle cross-packed metasurface

Hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) solar cells have some performance limitations related to the mobility and lifetime of their carriers. For this reason, it is interesting to explore thin-film solutions, achieving a tradeoff between photons optical absorption and the electrical path of the carriers to get the optimum thickness. In this work, we propose the insertion of a metasurface based on a cross-patterned ITO contact film, where the crosses are filled with nanospheres. We numerically demonstrate that this configuration improves the photogenerated current up to a 40% by means of the resonant effects produced by the metasurface, being independent on the impinging light polarization. Light handling mechanisms guide light into the active and auxiliary layers, increasing the effective absorption and mitigating the Staebler-Wronski effect. The selection of optimum materials and parameters results in nanospheres of ZnO with a 220 nm radius.This work was supported by the Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad of Spain (TEC2016-77242-C3-1-R Grant, AEI/FEDER, European Union funds). López-Fraguas thanks funding support from Ministerio de Educación y Formación Profesional of Spain for his doctoral grant (FPU research fellowship Ref. FPU17/00612). The authors acknowledge Prof. Joshua M. Pearce for providing them with experimental n and k values of the optical constants of the aSi-H

Comunicación enfermera con el paciente crítico intubado en una Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos: una revisión sistemática

[ES] Una Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos hace referencia a un área del hospital donde los profesionales sanitarios prestan un cuidado continuo y especializado durante las 24h del día a los pacientes, por encontrarse estos en una situación crítica de salud (Aguilar y Martínez, 2017). El origen de las Unidades de Cuidados Intensivos se remonta al año 1854 durante la Guerra de Crimea, cuando, ante la gran cantidad de heridos, Florence Nightingale consideró necesario crear un área específica en el hospital de campaña para separar a los pacientes más graves de aquellos que presentaban heridas más leves. Sin embargo, no fue hasta 1958 y 1961, cuando, Peter Safar, anestesiólogo considerado como el primer intensivista, instaló en Baltimore y en Pittsburg respectivamente, las primeras Unidades de Cuidados Intensivos, tal y como se conocen hoy en día, para mantener a los pacientes con sedación y sometidos a ventilación mecánica (Aguilar y Martínez, 2017; Rodríguez, Cruz, y Pérez, 2020; Parra, 2017)

Reactive oxygen species rescue regeneration after silencing the MAPK-ERK signaling pathway in Schmidtea mediterranea

Despite extensive research on molecular pathways controlling the process of regeneration in model organisms, little is known about the actual initiation signals necessary to induce regeneration. Recently, the activation of ERK signaling has been shown to be required to initiate regeneration in planarians. However, how ERK signaling is activated remains unknown. Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) are well-known early signals necessary for regeneration in several models, including planarians. Still, the probable interplay between ROS and MAPK/ERK has not yet been described. Here, by interfering with major mediators (ROS, EGFR and MAPK/ERK), we were able to identify wound-induced ROS, and specifically H2O2, as upstream cues in the activation of regeneration. Our data demonstrate new relationships between regeneration-related ROS production and MAPK/ERK activation at the earliest regeneration stages, as well as the involvement of the EGFR-signaling pathway. Our results suggest that (1) ROS and/or H2O2 have the potential to rescue regeneration after MEK-inhibition, either by H2O2-treatment or light therapy, (2) ROS and/or H2O2 are required for the activation of MAPK/ERK signaling pathway, (3) the EGFR pathway can mediate ROS production and the activation of MAPK/ERK during planarian regeneration