24 research outputs found

    Les principes directeurs d’un systĂšme d’état civil intĂ©gré : ExpĂ©riences africaine et quĂ©bĂ©coise

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    Dans cet article, l’auteur propose et dĂ©veloppe Ă  l’intention du QuĂ©bec et des pays francophones d’Afrique, le concept d’« état civil intĂ©gré », Ă  partir du systĂšme dit de « Vital Statistics », en vigueur dans les pays anglophones, en vertu duquel les donnĂ©es lĂ©gales et les donnĂ©es statistiques relatives aux naissances, aux mariages et aux dĂ©cĂšs se retrouvent sous une mĂȘme loi et une mĂȘme autoritĂ© administrative.Les principes directeurs Ă  la base d’un systĂšme d’état civil intĂ©grĂ© sont l’action manifeste d’une agence nationale d’état civil intĂ©grĂ© unique, l’intĂ©gration rationnelle des donnĂ©es lĂ©gales et statistiques, la participation active et totale de la population, la mise en circulation facile et rapide des donnĂ©es recueillies et traitĂ©es, l’adaptation continuelle du systĂšme au milieu social, politique et administratif oĂč il est implantĂ©, la possibilitĂ© d’utiliser les donnĂ©es recueillies Ă  des fins de recherches et le respect ou la protection de la vie privĂ©e des familles et des individus mis en cause.L’auteur souligne les possibilitĂ©s d’enrichissement mutuel qui rĂ©sulteraient des contacts bien Ă©tablis entre l’organisme responsable des statistiques officielles du mouvement de la population et les systĂšmes de statistiques sanitaires

    Marais de saules à effluent nul pour le traitement d'eau contaminée

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    Au cours des derniĂšres dĂ©cennies, un type de marais filtrant, gĂ©nĂ©ralement plantĂ© de saules, a Ă©tĂ© dĂ©veloppĂ© pour opĂ©rer un systĂšme de traitement d’eau sans effluent, par Ă©vapotranspiration. Ces marais Ă  effluent sont gĂ©nĂ©ralement utilisĂ©s pour le traitement d’eau usĂ©e domestique, mais pourraient aussi prĂ©senter une alternative intĂ©ressante pour d’autres applications, comme le traitement de lixiviat contaminĂ©. Les guides de conception actuellement disponibles ne permettent toutefois pas de concevoir un systĂšme flexible qui permettrait de gĂ©rer les grandes variations de volume Ă  traiter liĂ©es Ă  la nature mĂȘme des lixiviats (i.e. rĂ©sultent entiĂšrement des prĂ©cipitations) et ne tiennent pas compte de la variation inter et intra-annuelle de l’évapotranspiration (ET) du saule. Cette thĂšse prĂ©sente d’abord une revue de littĂ©rature de ET du genre Salix et de ses facteurs de variation les plus importants. Il apparaĂźt que les conditions de croissance ont plus d’importance que l’identitĂ© spĂ©cifique et que la disponibilitĂ© en eau, la fertilisation et la contamination sont les principaux facteurs dictant l’ET des saules. L’effet de l’ñge, du contexte expĂ©rimental, de la densitĂ© de plant et du type de sol n’a pas pu ĂȘtre clairement dĂ©montrĂ©s par cette revue. Ensuite, une Ă©tude portant sur le potentiel d’ET de S. miyabeana ‘SX67’ est prĂ©sentĂ©e. Il est dĂ©montrĂ© qu’un modĂšle basĂ© sur des paramĂštres foliaires et sur le dĂ©ficit de pression de vapeur d’eau dans l’air permet de prĂ©dire l’ET de S. miyabeana en condition de marais filtrant. Cette Ă©tude permettra entre autres d’amĂ©liorer les plans de conception d’un Ă©ventuel marais de saules Ă  effluent nul. Pour continuer, la rĂ©ponse de S. miyabeana ‘SX67’ Ă  diffĂ©rentes concentrations de lixiviat et Ă  diffĂ©rents types de substrats a Ă©tĂ© Ă©tudiĂ©e. Ce cultivar s’est montrĂ© tolĂ©rant aux concentrations du lixiviat brut retrouvĂ©es sur un site d’entreposage de poteaux de bois traitĂ©. Le type de substrat a influencĂ© la rĂ©ponse du saule et ses performances Ă©cophysiologiques, en plus d’affecter la dynamique des contaminants. Finalement, la modĂ©lisation hydrologique d’un systĂšme Ă  effluent nul par marais de saules permet de proposer une mĂ©thode de dimensionnement des diffĂ©rents compartiments du systĂšme pour atteindre un objectif d’effluent nul sur une pĂ©riode de 20 ans, ainsi que de proposer des solutions de conception et d’opĂ©ration optimale. L’application du modĂšle au cas spĂ©cifique d’un site d’entreposage de poteaux de bois traitĂ© a permis d’évaluer la faisabilitĂ©, d’un point de vue hydrologique, de cette technologie dans le contexte climatique du sud du QuĂ©bec. Sur la base de cette Ă©tude, la principale limite pour l’application des marais Ă  effluent nul au QuĂ©bec sont la surface de marais et le volume de stockage requis. Dans le cas oĂč une Ă©tape de prĂ©traitement efficace prĂ©cĂšde le marais de saule, la durĂ©e de vie du marais ne devrait pas ĂȘtre limitante et dĂ©pendra principalement de la durĂ©e de vie des vĂ©gĂ©taux. Cependant, le destin des contaminants dans le systĂšme, qu’il s’agisse de la disposition des contaminants accumulĂ©s Ă  l’étape de prĂ©traitement ou d’une Ă©ventuelle translocation de contaminants dans les parties aĂ©riennes des vĂ©gĂ©taux, devrait ĂȘtre considĂ©rĂ© avant d’établir un systĂšme Ă  effluent nul. Les rĂ©sultats de cette recherche permettent, entre autres, de proposer les marais de saules Ă  effluent nul comme une alternative intĂ©ressante pour le traitement d’eau contaminĂ©e au QuĂ©bec.During the last decades, a type of constructed wetlands, usually planted with willows, was developed to operate a water treatment system with zero effluent, by evapotranspiration. These zero liquid discharge wetlands are typically used for domestic wastewater treatment, but could also be an attractive alternative for other applications, such as contaminated leachate treatment. However, the design guidelines currently available do not allow for the design of a flexible system that would manage the large variations of volume to be treated related to the very nature of leachates (i.e. produced entirely from precipitation) and do not take into account inter and intra-annual variation of willows evapotranspiration (ET). This thesis first presents a literature review of ET for the genus Salix and its most important driving factors. It appears that growing conditions are more important than species identity and that water availability, fertilization and contamination are the main factors dictating ET in willow. The effect of age, experimental context, planting density, and soil type could not be clearly demonstrated by this review. Then, a study on the potential ET of S. miyabeana 'SX67' is presented. It is shown that a model based on foliar parameters and on the water vapor pressure deficit in the air makes it possible to predict the ET of S. miyabeana under wetland conditions. This study will, among other things, improve the design plans for a potential zero effluent willow wetland. To continue, the response of S. miyabeana 'SX67' to different leachate concentrations and different types of substrates was studied. This cultivar has been tolerant of raw leachate concentrations found at a treated wood pole storage site. The type of substrate influenced the willow response and ecophysiological performance, and affected the dynamics of the contaminants. Finally, the hydrological modelling of a system with zero effluent by willow bed makes it possible to propose a method of dimensioning for the different compartments of the system in order to reach a zero effluent objective over a period of 20 years, as well as to propose solutions for optimal design and operation. The application of the model to the specific case of a treated wood pole storage site made it possible to assess the hydrological feasibility of this technology in the climate context of southern Quebec. On the basis of this study, the main limit for the application of zero effluent willow bed in Quebec is the wetland area and the storage volume required. In the case where an effective pre-treatment step precedes the willow bed, the life of the wetland should not be limiting and will depend mainly on the lifespan of the plants. However, the fate of the contaminants in the system, be it the disposition of the accumulated contaminants at the pre-treatment stage or a possible translocation of contaminants into the aerial parts of the plants, should be considered before establishing a system with zero effluent. The results of this research make it possible, among other things, to propose zero-effluent willow wetlands as an interesting alternative for the treatment of contaminated water in Quebec

    Cueillette et traitement des donnĂ©es sur les naissances, les mariages, les divorces et les dĂ©cĂšs au QuĂ©bec : rĂȘves et rĂ©alitĂ©

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    Dans les provinces canadiennes autres que le QuĂ©bec, un systĂšme unique, celui des « Vital Statistics », traite des aspects lĂ©gaux et statistiques relatifs Ă  la collecte des donnĂ©es de naissances, de mariages et de dĂ©cĂšs.Au QuĂ©bec, par contre, le systĂšme est double. L’aspect lĂ©gal proprement dit est rĂ©gi par le Code Civil. Au niveau des statistiques, c’est maintenant la Loi de la protection de la santĂ© publique; de 1924 Ă  1972, c’était la Loi de l’hygiĂšne publique.Alors que sous cette derniĂšre loi les donnĂ©es du mouvement de la population Ă©taient recueillies par les officiers de l’état civil, le systĂšme de cueillette actuel mobilise directement les centres hospitaliers, les mĂ©decins en tant qu’accoucheurs ou thĂ©rapeutes et maintient les cĂ©lĂ©brants des mariages religieux et civils dans le circuit.Le nouveau systĂšme met l’accent sur une cueillette centralisĂ©e en mĂȘme temps qu’il permet, au niveau sanitaire rĂ©gional, un traitement dĂ©centralisĂ©, poussĂ© et spĂ©cialisĂ© de l’information recueillie centralement. Pour atteindre le mieux possible ses objectifs, le nouveau systĂšme repose sur une utilisation intĂ©grĂ©e de l’ordinateur et du microfilm.Le temps approche oĂč on se demandera sĂ©rieusement dans quelle mesure les modifications apportĂ©es par la Loi de la protection de la santĂ© publique dans le domaine des statistiques du mouvement de la population ont produit les rĂ©sultats escomptĂ©s

    "Rare Poems Ask Rare Friends" : Literary Circles and Cultural Capital : The Case of Montreal's Jubilate Circle

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    Abstract : The field of literature taken as a sociological phenomenon has enlightened and deepened our knowledge and appreciation of several national literatures, and the works of Pierre Bourdieu and Georg Simmel in this field are now considered ground-breaking. In QuĂ©bec, the Groupe de recherche sur l’édition littĂ©raire au QuĂ©bec (now operating under the name « Groupe de recherche sur l’étude du livre au QuĂ©bec ») has been particularly active in studying the sociological conditions that make literature possible in this Canadian province. Parallel to this, the Équipe de recherche interuniversitaire en littĂ©rature anglo-quĂ©bĂ©coise (ÉRILAQ) has gathered researchers interested in the “contact zone,” to borrow an expression from Catherine Leclerc and Sherry Simon, that is Anglo-Quebec literature. This dissertation will combine these two interests in order to study in greater depth the discourse and works of the poets of the Jubilate Circle, a network of poets writing in English in QuĂ©bec at the turn of the twenty-first century. It will not only seek to prove the existence of a literary circle, it will attempt to showcase how the circle itself has contributed to advancing its members’ literary careers. In keeping with Pierre Bourdieu’s theories of cultural, symbolic and social capital, this dissertation will present, from the outset, a prosopographical sketch of the four poets that make up the Jubilate Circle, and examine the conditions in which they met, bonded as a group (of friends and of colleagues) and came to found the Jubilate Circle. Following this, the instances in which capital of all kinds (symbolic, cultural and social) were exchanged by the four poets will be examined through a close reading of correspondence, dedications, book jacket blurbs and even of the poetry itself. In an attempt to identify the homogeneous in the cacophony of discourse, to paraphrase Marc Angenot, the Jubilate Poets’ discourse on Canadian poetry, enunciated in interviews, essays, book reviews and in the press will then be examined. This will provide a better understanding of the position they hold, or wish to hold, within the field of Canadian poetry and indeed within its canon, existing or future. Finally, an analysis of the poetry they have produced will serve to underscore those aspects of their discourse that are deemed particularly relevant and will highlight areas in which some contradictions may be observed. As a whole, this dissertation will shed some light on the production of poetry, of its criticism and of its publication not only as a literary phenomenon, but also as a profoundly social one. // RĂ©sumĂ© : L’étude du champ littĂ©raire en tant que phĂ©nomĂšne social a su Ă©clairer et approfondir notre apprĂ©ciation de plusieurs littĂ©ratures nationales, et les travaux de Pierre Bourdieu et de Georg Simmel Ă  cet Ă©gard sont aujourd’hui considĂ©rĂ©s fondateurs. Au QuĂ©bec, le Groupe de recherche sur l’édition littĂ©raire au QuĂ©bec (aujourd’hui connu sous le nom « Groupe de recherche sur l’étude du livre au QuĂ©bec ») a jetĂ© les assises dans l’étude des conditions sociologiques qui rendent le phĂ©nomĂšne littĂ©raire possible dans cette province canadienne. ParallĂšlement, l’Équipe de recherche interuniversitaire en littĂ©rature anglo-quĂ©bĂ©coise (ÉRILAQ) rĂ©unit des chercheurs qui s’intĂ©ressent Ă  cette “zone de contacte”, pour reprendre l’expression de Catherine Leclerc et de Sherry Simon, qu’est la littĂ©rature anglo-quĂ©bĂ©coise. Cette thĂšse combinera effectivement ces deux champs de recherche afin d’étudier de maniĂšre plus approfondie le discours et les Ɠuvres des poĂštes du “Jubilate Circle”, un rĂ©seau de poĂštes publiant en anglais au QuĂ©bec au tournant du vingt-et-uniĂšme siĂšcle. Elle cherchera non seulement Ă  prouver l’existence d’un cercle littĂ©raire, mais tentera Ă©galement de dĂ©montrer par quels moyens ce mĂȘme cercle a pu contribuer Ă  l’avancement des carriĂšres littĂ©raires de ses membres. Suivant les thĂ©ories sur le capital culturel, symbolique et social Ă©noncĂ©es par Pierre Bourdieu, cette thĂšse brossera, dans un premier temps, le profil prosopographique de chacun des acteurs du Jubilate Circle et se penchera sur les conditions qui ont favorisĂ© leur rencontre, le bourgeonnement d’une amitiĂ© et d’une collaboration littĂ©raire Ă  long terme et la crĂ©ation du cercle littĂ©raire. En second lieu, les instances dans lesquelles des Ă©changes de capital ont lieu seront scrutĂ©es grĂące Ă  une lecture dĂ©taillĂ©e de la correspondance, des dĂ©dicaces, des textes de quatriĂšme de couverture et mĂȘme de la poĂ©sie elle-mĂȘme. Dans le but de faire ressortir l’homogĂšne que recĂšle la cacophonie du discours, pour paraphraser Marc Angenot, le discours tenu par les poĂštes du Jubilate Circle au sujet de la poĂ©sie canadienne contemporaine, Ă©noncĂ© lors d’entretiens, dans des essais littĂ©raires, des comptes rendus et dans les quotidiens de ce pays sera examinĂ©. Une telle Ă©tude permettra de faire la lumiĂšre sur leur posture et sur la position qu’ils occupent, ou souhaitent occuper, dans le champ de la poĂ©sie canadienne, voire dans son canon littĂ©raire, prĂ©sent ou futur. Enfin, une analyse de la poĂ©sie produite par ces quatre poĂštes sera l’occasion de souligner et d’illustrer certains aspects particuliĂšrement significatifs de leur discours et rĂ©vĂ©lera quelques instances dans lesquelles certaines contradictions peuvent ĂȘtre observĂ©es. Dans son ensemble, cette thĂšse vise Ă  jeter un nouvel Ă©clairage sur la production d’une poĂ©sie, de sa critique et de ses instances de publication non seulement en tant que phĂ©nomĂšne littĂ©raire, mais bien en tant que phĂ©nomĂšne profondĂ©ment social

    Le motif du "domaine" : espace d'une subjectivité dans Les vies frontaliÚres et Rabatteurs d'étoiles de Rachel Leclerc

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    Ce mĂ©moire cherche Ă  dĂ©voiler le mode d’habitation singulier que dĂ©veloppe le sujet poĂ©tique dans Les vies frontaliĂšres et Rabatteur d’étoiles de Rachel Leclerc par l’intermĂ©diaire de l’analyse du motif du « domaine », rĂ©current dans les deux Ɠuvres. Il s’agira donc de clarifier ce Ă  quoi fait rĂ©fĂ©rence ce motif particulier en dĂ©gageant les diffĂ©rentes structures le sous-tendant et en tentant d’observer comment son Ă©laboration se fait en parallĂšle Ă©troit avec celle de la subjectivitĂ© des recueils de Leclerc. Ainsi, les trois premiers chapitres du prĂ©sent ouvrage s’attardent Ă  expliciter l’importance de la structure d’horizon, terme empruntĂ© Ă  Michel Collot, pour saisir la façon unique dont le sujet poĂ©tique perçoit l’espace, la temporalitĂ© et sa propre subjectivitĂ©. Le quatriĂšme chapitre est quant Ă  lui consacrĂ© Ă  ce qu’on peut qualifier de structure du chemin, qui vient recouper et enrichir celle de l’horizon. Le croisement de ces deux lignes trace enfin l’espace du domaine et dessine une sorte de T qui supporte l’entreprise poĂ©tique dans son ensemble.This masters thesis’s objective is to reveal the poetic subject’s unique way of occupying space in Rachel Leclerc’s Les vies frontaliĂšres and Rabatteurs d’étoiles by analysing the “domain’s” motif, recurrent in the two poetical pieces. Clarifying the meaning of this specific motif will be accomplished through the identification of its different underlying structures and by defining how its development is closely linked to that of the poetic subjectivity in Leclerc’s work. The three first chapters of the present thesis intend to shed light on the importance of the “horizon’s structure”, term barrowed from Michel Collot’s works, to highlight the distinctive manner in which the poetic subject appreciates spatiality, temporality and his own subjectivity. As for the fourth chapter, it expands on what can be called the “road structure” that crosscuts and completes the horizon’s structure. The junction of these two lines creates the domain’s space and its T form supports the poetic undertaking in its full spectrum

    Towards Agility and Speed in Enriched UX Evaluation Projects

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    Recent research has called for the use of enriched measures, that is, psychophysiological measures of emotional and cognitive states, in user experience (UX) testing. This chapter investigates how these enriched measures can inform user experience evaluation while maintaining agility and speed in managing UX projects. Using a multiple case approach, this chapter presents the analysis of 12 recent user experience projects in which enriched measures were used. Lessons learned with regard to challenges encountered are outlined. They emphasize on: (1) the nature of the research question impacts the completion time and the complexity of the project; (2) the need to communicate and coordinate between all parties; (3) the need to anticipate the collected measurements and enhanced results using a mosaic of hybrid collection methods; (4) the nature of the results adapted to underline the operational side without reducing the quality of the work performed; and (5) the time constrains influenced and influencing the pre-tests and project’s granularity. This chapter concludes with lessons learned from an agile/UX development approach in the realization of Sprint projects

    Ecophysiological Responses of a Willow Cultivar (Salix miyabeana ‘SX67’) Irrigated with Treated Wood Leachate

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    As wood preservatives leach from exposed treated wood, they contaminate soil and water, creating an environmental problem that needs to be addressed. Treating this contamination is particularly challenging since it includes mixed compounds, such as heavy metals and trace elements, as well as xenobiotic organic pollutants like polychlorinated dibenzo-dioxin/furan congeners (PCDD/Fs) that are very toxic and are under very strict discharge regulations. Cultivating fast-growing willow shrubs, either in soil or in treatment wetlands, offers a flexible and inexpensive treatment option. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the tolerance of a frequently used willow cultivar (Salix miyabeana ‘SX67’) to irrigation with leachate contaminated with pentachlorophenol (PCP) and chromated chromium arsenate (CCA), two important wood preservatives. We designed a mesocosms experiment with willow grown in three different substrates and irrigated over 12 weeks with three different leachate concentrations. Willow proved to be tolerant to irrigation with the raw leachate, with only leaf area decreasing with increasing leachate concentration. However, the type of growing substrate influenced willow ecophysiological responses and overall performance, and seemed to affect contaminant dynamics in the plant-soil system. All contaminants accumulated in willow roots, and Cu and PCDD/Fs were also translocated to aerial parts. Overall, this study suggests that Salix miyabeana ‘SX67’ could be a good candidate for treating water or soil contaminated with wood preservatives

    Evapotranspiration of a willow cultivar (Salix miyabeana SX67) grown in a full-scale treatment wetland

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    Since woody plants like willow are used increasingly in treatment wetlands, there is a growing need to characterize their ecophysiology in these specific growing conditions. For instance, evapotranspiration (ET) can be greatly increased in wetlands, due to factors like high water availability as well as oasis and clothesline effects. Few studies report willow ET rates measured in full-scale constructed wetland conditions, and fewer still in a temperate North-American climate. The objective of this study was to measure and model evapotranspiration of a commonly used willow cultivar, Salix miyabeana (SX67), to provide the ET rates and crop coefficient for this species. During two growing seasons, we studied a 48 m2 horizontal subsurface flow willow wetland located in eastern Canada, irrigated with pretreated wood preservative leachate. Over two seasons, from May to October, we measured a mean monthly evapotranspiration rate of 22.7 mm/day (16.5 mm/d modelled), for a seasonal cumulative ET of 3954 mm (2897 mm modelled) and a mean crop coefficient of 6.4 (4.2 modelled). Both the evapotranspiration results and leaf area index (LAI) were greater than most results reported for open field willow plantations. Maximal stomatal conductance () was higher than that expected for deciduous trees and even for wetland plants, and mean values correlated well with temperature, solar radiation, relative humidity and day of the year. We demonstrated that an ET model using , LAI and water vapor pressure deficit (VPD) as parameters could predict the evapotranspiration rate of our wetland. This simplification of traditional ET models illustrates the absence of evapotranspiration limitations in wetlands. Furthermore, this study also highlights some factors that can enhance ET in treatment wetlands. Our results should both improve the design of treatment wetlands using willows, and provide a simple ET predictive model based on major evapotranspiration drivers in wetlands

    A Motivational Perspective on the Personalization of Gamification

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    The gamification of information systems has seen success in a variety of contexts. However, research has shown that the degree to which gamification is successful varies between individuals. The current paper evaluates the effectiveness of personalized gamification in a warehouse management context. Additionally, this paper explores why personalized gamification can be more successful than non-personalized gamification. Twenty-six subjects participated in a within-subject laboratory experiment in which goal setting and feedback game elements were integrated into a wearable management information system to examine their effect on user performance in a warehouse picking task. The effectiveness of personalized gamification was evaluated by categorizing participants into user types using the HEXAD model and examining performance across conditions and user types. Results show that user type significantly affects the relationship between game elements and user performance. This paper takes a step forward in exploring the motivational mechanisms that explain the efficacy of personalized gamification

    Willows for environmental projects: A literature review of results on evapotranspiration rate and its driving factors across the genus Salix

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    Willows are increasingly used for a wide range of environmental projects, including biomass production, leachate treatment, riparian buffers and treatment wetlands. Evapotranspiration (ET), assumed to be high for most willow species used in environmental projects, affects hydrological cycles and is of key interest for project managers working with willows. Here, we present a comprehensive review of ET rates provided in the literature for the genus Salix. We aim to summarize current knowledge of willow ET and analyze its variability depending on context. We compiled and analyzed data from 57 studies, covering 16 countries, 19 willow species and dozens of cultivars. We found a mean reported ET rate of 4.6 ± 4.2 mm/d, with minimum and maximum values of 0.7 and 22.7 mm/d respectively. Although results reported here varied significantly between some species, overall interspecific standard deviation (±3.6 mm/d) was similar to intraspecific variation (±3.3 mm/d) calculated for S. viminalis, suggesting a greater influence of the growing context on ET than species identity. In terms of environmental and management variables, water supply, fertilization and contamination were identified as driving factors of ET across willow species. Effects of root age, experimental context, planting density and soil type were more nuanced. Our findings provide synthetic data regarding willow ET. We encourage practitioners who use ET data from the literature to be aware of the main drivers of ET and to consider the influence of the experimental aspects of a study in order to interpret data accurately and improve project planning
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