Gli equilibrismi del nuovo 434 bis fra reato che non c'è, reato che già c'è e pena che c'è sempre

L’improprio ricorso alla decretazione d’urgenza, la duplicazione di tipicità preesistenti, la costruzione di un’offesa inesistente, il ricorso ad una tecnica normativa tautologica e contorta, la palese sproporzione fra disvalore del fatto e le pene previste, rendono il reato di raduno pericoloso un campionario dei vizi e dei limiti della legislazione penale più recente: un caso di “analfabetismo legislativo”, com’è stato definito, che minaccia diritti costituzionali e garanzie fondamentali dell’individuo. Il meccanismo sanzionatorio su cui è costruito il 434 bis oscilla infatti pericolosamente, fra il polo (della limitazione) del diritto e quello (della previsione) del delitto, in ragione di una tipicità scomposta che mette insieme spazi di libertà garantiti dalla Costituzione con condotte (già) descritte e sanzionate da reati preesistenti. Questo reato senza offesa – o comunque dall’offesa inafferrabile – è peraltro corredato di un arsenale di misure sanzionatorie procedimentali, che spaziano dall’arresto in flagranza alla custodia cautelare, dalle misure di prevenzione alla confisca. Se a ciò aggiungiamo il possibile ricorso alle intercettazioni telefoniche, è chiaro che l’art. 434 bis c.p. raccorda il panpenalismo d’estrazione populista a quel regime di sorveglianza e di prevenzione, proprio del Penale di Polizia. In tal senso sembra assistersi più che ad una svolta autoritaria, alla stabilizzazione delle misure di contenimento e di controllo sociale maturate nell’emergenza Covid: dal divieto di assembramento al reato di raduno pericoloso, è stato un attimo. In un contesto storico che ha smarrito la relazione fra responsabilità personale e risposta sanzionatoria, maturano gli equilibrismi del nuovo 434 bis c.p. che – sospeso fra il reato che non c’ è e il reato che già c’è – approda ad una pena che c’è sempre, anche in assenza di processo. Balancing the new Article 434 bis criminal code between offence that does not exist, offence that already exists and penalty that is always there. Technical evidence of crime without offence and punishment in the absence of crime The improper use of emergency legislation, the duplication of already existing crimes, the construction of an offense that does not exist, the use of a tautological regulatory technique, the clear disproportion between the negative value of the fact and the penalties envisaged, make the 434 bis criminal code a sampling of the vices and limits of the most recent Italian criminal legislation: a case of "legislative illiteracy", as it has been defined, which threatens constitutional rights and fundamental guarantees. The sanctioning mechanism on which the 434 bis is built oscillates dangerously, between the pole (of the limitation) of the law and that (of the prediction) of the crime, due to a poorly constructed crime that brings together spaces of freedom guaranteed by the Constitution with (already) described and sanctioned by already existing crimes. ARCHIVIO PENALE 2022, n. 3 2 This crime without offense – or in any case with an elusive offense – is also accompanied by an arsenal of procedural sanctions, ranging from immediate arrest to pre-trial detention, from preventive measures to confiscation. If we add to this the possible use of wiretapping, it is clear that Article 434 bis of the Criminal Code it connects populist pan-criminalism to that regime of surveillance and prevention, proper to the Criminal Police. In this sense, we seem to be witnessing more than an authoritarian turnaround, the stabilization of the containment and social control measures developed in the Covid emergency: from the ban on gatherings to the crime of dangerous gatherings, it was a moment. In a historical context that has lost the relationship between personal responsibility and sanctioning response, the acrobatics of the new 434 bis c.p. which – suspended between the crime that does not exist and the crime that already exists – leads to a punishment that always exists, even without procedural guarantees

Locally finitely presented categories and functor rings

In this paper, 40 Gbaud transmission of single polarization (SP) and Polarization-Multiplexed (PM), RZ-DQPSK and RZ-D8PSK signals is analyzed numerically. The impact of nonlinear crosstalk arising from the presence of neighbouring intensity-modulated channels is analyzed in terms of required OSNR for the BER of 10-3versus launch power.QC 20120607</p

Feasibility Study of FPGA-Based Equalizer for 112-Gbit/s Optical Fiber Receivers

With ever increasing demands on spectral efficiency, complex modulation schemes are being introduced in fiber communication. However, these schemes are challenging to implement as they drastically increase the computational burden at the fiber receiver’s end. We perform a feasibility study of implementing a 16-QAM 112-Gbit/s decision directed equalizer on a state-of-the-art FPGA platform. An FPGA offers the reconfigurability needed to allow for modulation scheme updates, however, its clock rate is limited. For this purpose, we introduce a new phase correction technique to significantly relax the delay requirement on the critical phase-recovery feedback loop

Next-generation optical access seamless Evolution: concluding results of the European FP7 project OASE

Increasing bandwidth demand drives the need for next-generation optical access (NGOA) networks that can meet future end-user service requirements. This paper gives an overview of NGOA solutions, the enabling optical access network technologies, architecture principles, and related economics and business models. NGOA requirements (including peak and sustainable data rate, reach, cost, node consolidation, and open access) are proposed, and the different solutions are compared against such requirements in different scenarios (in terms of population density and system migration). Unsurprisingly, it is found that different solutions are best suited for different scenarios. The conclusions drawn from such findings allow us to formulate recommendations in terms of technology, strategy, and policy. The paper is based on the main results of the European FP7 OASE Integrated Project that ran between January 1, 2010 and February 28, 2013

Analysis of NRZ-and RZ-DQPSK for 112 Gb/s DWDM transmission

ABSTRACT The feasibility of NRZ-and RZ-DQPSK for 112 Gb/s DWDM transmission is analyzed. RZ-DQPSK is more tolerant to cascaded filtering, chromatic dispersion and non-linearities. Cascaded filtering is the most critical issue for 100 GHz channel spacing

miR-155 is positively regulated by CBX7 in mouse embryonic fibroblasts and colon carcinomas, and targets the KRAS oncogene

Background: Loss of CBX7 expression has been described in several malignant neoplasias, including human colon and thyroid carcinomas proposing CBX7 as a tumor suppressor gene with a key role in cancer progression. This role is supported from the development of benign and malignant neoplasias in Cbx7 null mice. The aim of our work has been to investigate the mechanisms underlying the CBX7 oncosuppressor activity by analyzing the microRNAs (miRNAs) regulated by CBX7. Methods: The miRNA expression profiles of the mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) null for Cbx7 and the wild-type counterpart were analyzed by the miRNACHIP microarray and then validated by qRT-PCR. To asses KRAS as target of miR-155 we evaluated the protein levels after transfection of the synthetic miR-155. Human colon carcinoma samples have been investigated for the expression of CBX7 and miR-155. Results: Twenty miRNAs were found upregulated and nine, including miR-155, downregulated in cbx7-null MEFS in comparison with the wild-type ones. Then, we focused on miR-155 since several studies have shown its deregulated expression in several human malignancies and, moreover, was the most downregulated miRNA. Subsequently, we searched for miR-155 target genes demonstrating that KRAS protein levels are directly modulated by miR-155. A direct significant correlation (r = 0.6779) between CBX7 and miR-155 expression levels was found in a set of human colon carcinoma tissue samples. Conclusion: miR-155 is positively regulated by CBX7 in MEFs and colon carcinomas, and has KRAS as one of the target genes likely accounting for the anti-apoptotic activity ascribed to miR-155 in some tissue contexts