The Money Neutrality Proposition: Is Boosting Money Supply A Solution To US Economic Problems?

This paper unfastens the new classical structural model and broadens the reduced form output equation to investigate the money neutrality proposition in the United States. The hypothesis that any predictable monetary policy has no influence on output is extended by the inclusion of foreign exchange rationing to the supply side of the economy as cointegrated with money supply. The final prediction error determines the proper lag length that is used by the dynamic analysis to examine the causality relationship between imports, foreign price, foreign income, and output. The vector autoregressive is used to determine the exogeneity property of foreign exchange and output; it also helps extract the anticipated and unanticipated components of foreign exchange and money series. Empirical evidence provides considerable support for short run cyclical movements in the output of highly industrialized countries in affecting the real output in the United States. Indeed, any policy response in raising output should take into account the well-being of other developed countries. Predicted or not, an increase in the level of growth of other advanced countries does not leads to offsetting expectation and results in raising the economic growth. Empirical test presents no evidence that boosting the money supply leads to an increase in the level of growth. The result also refutes the view that the United States can quickly recover through a monetary policy aimed at depreciating the dollar and stands against the idea that devaluation tends to expand domestic output in industrialized countries. Incompatible with the economic logic is the lack of support of the apparent reality of output determination in industrialized countries open economy models

A Review on the Lifecycle Strategies Enhancing Remanufacturing

Remanufacturing is a domain that has increasingly been exploited during recent years due to its numerous advantages and the increasing need for society to promote a circular economy leading to sustainability. Remanufacturing is one of the main end-of-life (EoL) options that can lead to a circular economy. There is therefore a strong need to prioritize this option over other available options at the end-of-life stage of a product because it is the only recovery option that maintains the same quality as that of a new product. This review focuses on the different lifecycle strategies that can help improve remanufacturing; in other words, the various strategies prior to, during or after the end-of-life of a product that can increase the chances of that product being remanufactured rather than being recycled or disposed of after its end-of-use. The emergence of the fourth industrial revolution, also known as industry 4.0 (I4.0), will help enhance data acquisition and sharing between different stages in the supply chain, as well boost smart remanufacturing techniques. This review examines how strategies like design for remanufacturing (DfRem), remaining useful life (RUL), product service system (PSS), closed-loop supply chain (CLSC), smart remanufacturing, EoL product collection and reverse logistics (RL) can enhance remanufacturing. We should bear in mind that not all products can be remanufactured, so other options are also considered. This review mainly focuses on products that can be remanufactured. For this review, we used 181 research papers from three databases; Science Direct, Web of Science and Scopus

Determination Of The Performance Measure Of Executive Compensation

This paper investigates the principal-agent model of executive compensation through an empirical study of the interaction between CEO compensation and firm performance. As a multi level regression analysis that specifically shows the weight of the variance of the main independent variable, above and over the other independent variables, the stepwise multiple regression is employed to induce a statistical model of the pay-performance sensitivity. The stepwise multiple regression offers insights into the different weight assigned to the performance measure. In this respect, variances of the variables related to the change in the market value of firms are specifically weighted against each other in order to determine specific characteristics of the pay-performance relationship. The analysis is consistent with the agency theory that firm’ executives take advantage of the lack of control by firms’ owners to pursuit their personal interests. As the United States’ economy tumbles, the change in CEO total compensation does not seem to follow the accounting criteria of performance measures typically specified in management compensation contracts. The study reveals a lack of relationship between CEO compensation and firm performance. The link running from the change in the market value of firms and the change in CEO total compensation is flawed. The incentives faced by shareholders to discipline executives would be able to increase the performance of firms. It would be absurd for the compensation committee to rely on the single firms’ total assets value as the performance measure of CEO compensation. Other performance vehicles, such as returns, earnings, and cash flows should be considered in the determination of executive compensation

Présence africaine et les revues littéraires noires

La revue Présence Africaine étudiée face aux revues littéraires noires est un sujet qui, si j’avais eu à le traiter, m’aurait conduit à montrer quel était l’état de la presse en Afrique, aux Antilles, en Amérique noire avant 1947 et comment cette revue, Présence Africaine a, d’une certaine manière, conquis cet espace qui était existant avant lui. Mais je n’aurais pas le temps de traiter de cette question. Je vais cependant y revenir par un certain nombre d’aspects. Je vais traiter de la maniè..

Efeitos de agentes desidratantes sobre fibras de cromatina e cromatossoma reconstituídos in vitro

Tese (doutorado)Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde, Programa de pós-graduação em Ciências da Saúde, 2015.O DNA em seres eucarióticos é organizado na forma de cromatina, sendo esta a principal responsável pela regulação de diversas atividades vitais para célula, como a transcrição e manutenção do genoma. A cromatina é um complexo formado por unidades repetitivas de nucleossomos e pode se apresentar na forma aberta (10nm-permissiva) ou fechada (30nm- repressiva). Está evidente que a dinâmica de modulação da estrutura da cromatina determina a resposta transcricional e consequentemente o desfecho clínico. Desta forma, com objetivo de se analisar a dinâmica da cromatina, (i) procuramos estabelecer o desenvolvimento de uma metodologia in vitro para o estudo estrutural da cromatina. Em seguida, (ii) objetivamos estudar a ação do etanol, um agente desidratante, sobre a formação do mononucleossomo e de longas fibras de cromatina reconstituídos in vitro e (iii) estabelecer a concentração ideal de colesterol para induzir a formação do cromatossomo, complexo nucleossomo e linker histona (H5). Observamos, por ensaios bioquímicos que o etanol aumenta a estabilidade do mononucleossomo e auxilia a formação de fibras de cromatina de 10nm. Contudo, não observamos nenhum efeito do etanol sobre a formação da fibra de 30nm reconstituída in vitro. Além disso, determinamos a concentração mínima e máxima de colesterol capaz de induzir a formação do cromatossomo. Esses resultados sugerem que o etanol e colesterol possam auxiliar os estudos estruturais da cromatina reconstituída in vitro e que a desidratação da cromatina, através destes agentes, possa afetar a dinâmica da cromatina. Ainda desconhecemos os efeitos fisiológicos destes achados, mas nossos resultados apontam para um novo campo de pesquisa ainda inexplorado, onde pequenas moléculas ligantes de nucleosssomo afetam a estrutura da cromatina.The DNA in eukaryotic beings is organized in the form of chromatin, which is one of the main molecule responsible for the regulation of vital activities in the cell, such as transcriptional process and genome maintenance. Chromatin is a complex formed by a repetitive units call nucleosomes .It can be present in an open (10nm-permissive) or closed (30nm-repression) structure. It is now evident that the transcriptional response is related to the chromatin structure and dynamic and this determines clinical outcome. In this way, in order to analyse the dynamics of chromatin, we first seek to establish an in vitro methodology for the structural study of chromatin. Therefore, the objectives were to study the action of ethanol, a dehydrating agent, on the formation of mononucleosome and long fibres of chromatin reconstituted in vitro and; II) study the action of cholesterol on the formation of chromatosome, a nucleosome and linker histone (H5) complex. We observe, through biochemical assays that ethanol increases the stability of the mononucleossome and helps in the formation of 10nm chromatin fibres. However, we have noticed no effect of ethanol on the formation of the 30nm fibre reconstituted in vitro. Moreover, we observe that the cholesterol induces the formation of chromatosome. These results suggest that ethanol and cholesterol may help in the structural studies of chromatin reconstituted in vitro and that dehydration of chromatin, through these agents, can affect his dynamics .We still don't know about the physiological effects of these findings, however, our results pointed out a new research field still unexplored where small molecules are able to bind to mononucleosome and affect the chromatin structure

Les changements de perméabilité capillaire au cours du syndrome nephrotique expérimental : effets du furosemide

Le travail de recherche a pour but de caractériser les anomalies de perméabilité capillaire de différents tissus dans un modèle expérimental d'œdème, et d'évaluer l'effet d'un traitement au furosémide. Le syndrome néphrotique est associé à une anomalie de la distribution des liquides dans l'organisme. Il comprend une albuminurie massive, une hypoalbuminémie, des œdèmes généralisés et une hyperlipidemie caractérisée par une élévation du cholestérol plasmatique. Quatre groupes de rats Wistars sont étudiés : 1— normaux sans traitements ; 2- néphrétiques par la puromycine ; 3- normaux traités au furosémide ; et 4- néphrétiques traités au furosémide. Nos résultats montrent qu'il existe au début une rétention hydrosodée avec résistance au diurétique ( furosémide ) , suivie plus tard d'une natriurèse accrue avec une meilleure réponse au diurétique. Le furosémide accentue la protéinurie dans ce modèle expérimental de syndrome néphrotique. Les anomalies de perméabilité capillaire au BE révèlent une augmentation dans le rein en phases précoce et tardive. Une diminution importante dans le muscle squelettique (réservoir d'eau) est observée en phase tardive. Cette anomalie est corrigée par le furosémide, ce qui pourrait expliquer en partie la réponse diurétique plus efficace à ce moment. Il est également possible qu'une augmentation de la biodisponibilité du furosémide par voie de filtration (cet agent étant lié à l'albumine), participe également à la lignée du phénomène de non résistance noté en phase tardive

Serogroup W135 Meningococcal Meningitis, Northern Cameroon, 2007–2008

We analyzed results of recent microbiologic surveillance of meningitis in northern Cameroon. During the 2007 and 2008 meningitis seasons, all 57 identified meningococcal isolates were serogroup W135. This situation might indicate that the area is experiencing a period between epidemic waves due to 2 different clones of serogroup A meningococci

Serogroup W135 Meningococcal Meningitis, Northern Cameroon, 2007–2008

We analyzed results of recent microbiologic surveillance of meningitis in northern Cameroon. During the 2007 and 2008 meningitis seasons, all 57 identified meningococcal isolates were serogroup W135. This situation might indicate that the area is experiencing a period between epidemic waves due to 2 different clones of serogroup A meningococci

La maison Présence Africaine

Créée par Alioune Diop (1910-1980), Présence Africaine est une entreprise à nulle autre pareille. Première revue littéraire et culturelle du monde noir à se maintenir sur une longue durée (depuis 1947), première maison d’édition africaine à s’installer sur le continent européen (dès 1949), elle est aussi le lieu de rencontre des intellectuels noirs du monde entier. Par l’édition de livres et la publication d’articles, Présence Africaine œuvre à la reconnaissance de l’unité et de la diversité du monde noir en suscitant l’émergence de nouveaux récits notamment dans les domaines de l’histoire et de la littérature. Des thèses de Cheikh Anta Diop aux travaux des historiens africains, une histoire de l’Afrique méthodologiquement exigeante s’y construit. Dans le champ de la littérature, Présence Africaine contribue à l’invention des classiques africains, au renouvellement de la création littéraire, et à l’émergence d’écrivaines. Elle favorise la circulation des œuvres littéraires du monde noir, par la traduction ou l’édition bilingue. Présence Africaine œuvre ainsi à la création des termes et des conditions d’une critique esthétique nègre, ainsi qu’à la fidélisation d’un public de lecteurs.Founded by Alioune Diop (1910-1980), Présence Africaine is a venture like no other. It was the first black literary and cultural journal to have such a long run (it was founded in 1947). Présence Africaine was also the first African publishing house located in Europe, from 1949 onwards. The journal was a meeting point for black intellectuals from all over the world. Through editing books and publishing articles, Présence Africaine strove for the recognition of black unity, but also black diversity in the world through giving rise to the emergence of new narratives, in particular in literature and in history. From the Cheikh Anta Diop’s thesis to the work of African historians, a methodologically demanding historical account of Africa was established. In the field of literature, Présence Africaine contributed to the invention of African classics, a renewal of literary creation, and the emergence of female writers. The journal promoted the circulation of black literary works, be it through translation, or bilingual editions. Présence Africaine worked towards establishing the terms and conditions for a back esthetical critique, and a loyal following of readers