64 research outputs found

    Are complementarity effects of species richness on productivity the strongest in species-rich communities?

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    How the relationship between species richness and productivity changes along environmental gradients remains poorly understood. We examined the context dependency of complementarity processes underpinning this relationship (biotic feedbacks, resource partitioning and facilitation) using the framework of Grime's (1973) humped-back model. We considered several scenarios of variation in competition and facilitation along environmental gradients, either monotonic with the most common or intense facilitation at the most abiotically severe end of gradients or nonlinear with the strongest facilitation at intermediate positions along gradients. How competition shifts to facilitation along environmental gradients is a key for determining where the effect of species richness on productivity occurs. Based on the literature, the original Stress Gradient Hypothesis would likely predict that complementarity effects should be the greatest, or the most important, in the most abiotically stressful environments. Alternatively, both the ‘collapse of facilitation’ and the ‘shift back to competition’ scenarios predict that the highest overall complementary effects on productivity, not biomass, would most likely occur at intermediate positions along environmental stress gradients, but this might vary depending on the source of stress. This latter prediction is consistent with a great deal of literature on natural gradients of productivity and species richness. Synthesis. Our predictions illustrate the importance of better understanding the context dependency of complementarity processes and the key role of facilitation along environmental gradients to better focus conservation efforts where ecosystem functioning is more likely to be negatively affected by species loss, in particular in species-rich communities. © 2021 British Ecological Societ

    Inelastic Photoproduction of J/Psi Mesons at HERA

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    An analysis of inelastic photoproduction of J/Psi mesons is presented using data collected at the ep collider HERA corresponding to an integrated luminosity of above 80pb-1. Differential and double differential cross sections are measured in a wide kinematic region: 60<W_gammap<260 GeV, 1<p_t^2< 60 GeV^2 and 0.05<z<0.9, where z is the fraction of the energy of the exchanged photon transferred to the J/Psi meson in the rest frame of the target proton. Cross sections at z<0.3 are presented for the first time. Theoretical calculations within the Colour Singlet Model at NLO for direct photon processes are shown to give a good description of the data in the medium z region (0.3<z<0.9) up to the highest p_t^2 values. A calculation using a k_t factorisation approach in LO in the Colour Singlet Model is also able to describe these data. The data in the full z range are also compared to LO calculations within a non-relativistic QCD framework including color octet and colour singlet contributions for direct and resolved photons. It seems possible to reconcile data and theory with modest contributions from colour octet processes. The polarisation of the J/Psi meson is measured as a function of z and p_t,psi and is reasonably described by the theoretical predictions.Comment: 30 pages, 11 figures, 11 table

    Dynamique de population d'une lĂ©gumineuse du sous-bois de la forĂȘt landaise (Ulex europaeus) dans le cadre de la sylviculture du pin maritime : proposition d'un modĂšle conceptuel

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    Symbiotic nitrogen fixation by European gorse (Ulex europaeus) is a major source of nitrogen in the 'Landes de Gascogne' cultivated forest of maritime pine. This thesis aims to build a conceptual model of the population dynamic of gorse in the region, with a view to predict the associated flux of nitrogen. To achieve this, several steps of the life cycle of the species were studied: production and predation of seeds, and the recruitment of new plants from the seedbank.The results suggest that the maintenance of this light demanding species in the shade of the canopy of pines is improved by the decrease of reproductive allocation, which enable to maintain its growth, and by the decrease of the predation of seeds. The recruitment of new gorse plants seems controlled by identifiable ecological factors (e.g. soil moisture), however these factors are highly variable in space and time, and no specific micro-habitat appears to be more favourable for the species regeneration.These results are integrated into a conceptual model based on the different steps of the life cycle of the species, and taking into consideration the influence of forestry practices on these steps. Furthermore, the production of knowledge could benefit other subjects related to the species (e.g gorse is a noxious weed in many region in the world) and the understanding of the ecology of woody plants' regeneration. Allocation of resources to reproduction may be plastic and enable an adaptative response to a changing environment; and spatiotemporal variability of the regeneration of woody plants may rely on the existence of ecological regeneration niches defined in the ecological space.La fixation symbiotique d'azote par l'ajonc d'Europe (Ulex europaeus) reprĂ©sente une source importante d'azote dans la forĂȘt cultivĂ©e de pins maritimes des 'Landes de Gascogne'. Cette thĂšse a pour objectif la crĂ©ation d'un modĂšle conceptuel de dynamique de population de l'ajonc dans la rĂ©gion en vue de la prĂ©diction du flux d'azote associĂ©. Pour cela plusieurs Ă©tapes du cycle de vie de l'espĂšce ont Ă©tĂ© Ă©tudiĂ©es: la production et la prĂ©dation des graines, puis le recrutement de nouveaux individus depuis le stock de graines du sol. Nos rĂ©sultats suggĂšrent que le maintien de cette espĂšce hĂ©liophile Ă  l'ombre de la canopĂ©e des pins est facilitĂ© par la diminution de l'allocation de ressources Ă  la reproduction, lui permettant de maintenir sa croissance, et par la diminution de la prĂ©dation des graines. Par ailleurs, le recrutement de nouveaux ajoncs semble influencĂ© par des facteurs Ă©cologiques identifiables (e.g. humiditĂ© du sol). Mais ces facteurs sont fortement variables dans l'espace et dans le temps, et aucun micro habitat n'apparait comme plus favorable Ă  la rĂ©gĂ©nĂ©ration de l'espĂšce. Ces rĂ©sultats sont intĂ©grĂ©s Ă  un modĂšle conceptuel, reprĂ©sentant les diffĂ©rentes Ă©tapes du cycle de vie de l'espĂšce, et l'impact des opĂ©rations sylvicoles sur ces Ă©tapes. Les connaissances issues de cette thĂšse pourraient aussi bĂ©nĂ©ficier Ă  d'autres problĂ©matiques liĂ©es Ă  l'espĂšce (e.g. c'est une espĂšce invasive dans de nombreuses rĂ©gions du monde) et Ă  la comprĂ©hension de l'Ă©cologie de la rĂ©gĂ©nĂ©ration des espĂšces ligneuses. En effet, l'allocation des ressources Ă  la reproduction pourrait ĂȘtre plastique et permettre une rĂ©ponse adaptative Ă  un environnement changeant; et la variabilitĂ© spatiotemporelle de la rĂ©gĂ©nĂ©ration des ligneux pourrait reposer sur l'existence de niches Ă©cologiques de rĂ©gĂ©nĂ©ration dĂ©finies dans l'espace Ă©cologique

    L’intĂ©gration des familles paysannes haĂŻtiennes dans la lutte antiĂ©rosive Ă  travers la cartographie participative

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    In Haiti, due to the country’s rough terrain, a form of subsistence agriculture is practiced that generates widespread soil erosion. Constant demand for charcoal, meanwhile, drives the fragile rural population to cut down too many trees. The advanced state of erosion of the country’s watersheds causes considerable damage. This paper proposes participatory mapping as a possible response to the current failures of anti-erosion projects. A three-dimensional model of the zone of action is built in the community, representing the local population’s basic services as well as current land use. Discussion meetings are organized around the model, from which a consensus emerges on the implementation of anti-erosion structures. General proposals are also put forward for the area’s development and land use. The results have been promising for the management of gullies and the rehabilitation of wooded areas, although setting up anti-erosion structures on cultivated land remains difficult. New income can be generated quickly from rehabilitated gullies, and from fruit and vegetable diversification on fertile land. Peasant families become actors in the process of rethinking local land use, and anti-erosion techniques are better understood, chosen and controlled. The experience presented here is yielding initial signs of success and could be reproduced, but it points to the need for other actions to be implemented at the regional and national levels if the fight against erosion in Haiti is to succeed, such as addressing the question of land tenure and the use of energy sources other than charcoal

    L’intĂ©gration des familles paysannes haĂŻtiennes dans la lutte antiĂ©rosive Ă  travers la cartographie participative

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    Cet article prĂ©sente une expĂ©rience de lutte antiĂ©rosive intĂ©grĂ©e dans le Sud-Est d’HaĂŻti. Les origines biogĂ©ographiques, Ă©conomiques et sociales de l’érosion sont explicitĂ©es. La cartographie participative est posĂ©e comme modĂšle pouvant faciliter la rĂ©ussite de la Gestion Conservatoire de l’Eau et de la FertilitĂ© des Sols dans la zone face aux Ă©checs courants des projets de lutte antiĂ©rosive.Les caractĂ©ristiques agroĂ©cologiques du milieu sont prĂ©sentĂ©es, distinguant les zones dĂ©gradĂ©es et celles favorables Ă  l’agriculture. Les familles paysannes utilisent dĂ©jĂ  des pratiques de conservation des sols et de gestion de l’eau et de la biomasse, mais elles restent insuffisantes. Une maquette en 3 dimensions de la zone est construite dans la communautĂ©. Elle permet de crĂ©er un espace de dialogue avec la population locale pour une utilisation plus rationnelle des terres. Elle prĂ©sente les services de base Ă  la population dans la zone ainsi que les ressources disponibles, l’usage actuel et l’état de fertilitĂ©/dĂ©gradation des terres. Des sĂ©ances d’animation sont organisĂ©es autour de cette maquette pour dynamiser les rĂ©flexions de la population quant Ă  son territoire. Des consensus se dĂ©gagent pour la mise en Ɠuvre des structures antiĂ©rosives et des propositions globales pour le dĂ©veloppement et l’amĂ©nagement de la zone sont faĂźtes. Les rĂ©sultats sont prometteurs pour le traitement des ravines et pour la crĂ©ation de lots boisĂ©s mais l’implantation des structures antiĂ©rosives dans les parcelles agricoles reste difficile. Les pratiques de fertilisation sont encourageantes mais insuffisantes.Finalement, les paysans deviennent acteurs de la rĂ©flexion concernant la lutte antiĂ©rosive et les techniques sont mieux comprises, choisies et maĂźtrisĂ©es. Le modĂšle prĂ©sentĂ© peut ĂȘtre reproduit, mais le dĂ©veloppement d’un contexte socioĂ©conomique plus favorable est aussi indispensable comme la diminution de la pression dĂ©mographique et l’utilisation d’énergies alternatives au charbon de bois.This article presents an integrated erosion control experience in the South-East of HaĂŻti. Biogeographical, economical and social roots of erosion are explained. Participatory mapping is proposed as a model to help successful land husbandry in the area taking into account many erosion control projects failures.Agroecological characteristics of the environment are exposed, focusing on the differences between erosion damaged areas and areas suitable for agriculture. Farmer’s families already use some erosion control and water and biomass management techniques, but they are not very efficient. A 3 dimensional model of the area is built in the community. It helps to create a dialoguing space with the local population to think about a more rational way of land use. It shows population basic services access in the area as well as the available resources, current land use and land fertility/degradation level. Brain storming meetings are organized around the model to strengthen population thinking regarding his territory. General agreements are achieved about erosion control structures implementation and global propositions about area development are made. Results are promising concerning gullies treatment and creation of wooded areas but establishment of erosion control structures in agricultural allotments is still difficult. Fertilization practices are encouraging but not enough developed.Finally, farmers become thinking actors in erosion control strategies and techniques are better understood, chosen and mastered. This outlined model can be repeated, but the development of a more favorable socioeconomical context is also needed like demographic pressure reduction and the use of alternative energies to charcoal

    Population dynamic of an undestory legume (Ulex europaeus) in the context of forestry of maritime pine in the 'Landes de Gascogne'" : Proposition for a conceptual model

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    La fixation symbiotique d'azote par l'ajonc d'Europe (Ulex europaeus) reprĂ©sente une source importante d'azote dans la forĂȘt cultivĂ©e de pins maritimes des 'Landes de Gascogne'. Cette thĂšse a pour objectif la crĂ©ation d'un modĂšle conceptuel de dynamique de population de l'ajonc dans la rĂ©gion en vue de la prĂ©diction du flux d'azote associĂ©. Pour cela plusieurs Ă©tapes du cycle de vie de l'espĂšce ont Ă©tĂ© Ă©tudiĂ©es: la production et la prĂ©dation des graines, puis le recrutement de nouveaux individus depuis le stock de graines du sol. Nos rĂ©sultats suggĂšrent que le maintien de cette espĂšce hĂ©liophile Ă  l'ombre de la canopĂ©e des pins est facilitĂ© par la diminution de l'allocation de ressources Ă  la reproduction, lui permettant de maintenir sa croissance, et par la diminution de la prĂ©dation des graines. Par ailleurs, le recrutement de nouveaux ajoncs semble influencĂ© par des facteurs Ă©cologiques identifiables (e.g. humiditĂ© du sol). Mais ces facteurs sont fortement variables dans l'espace et dans le temps, et aucun micro habitat n'apparait comme plus favorable Ă  la rĂ©gĂ©nĂ©ration de l'espĂšce. Ces rĂ©sultats sont intĂ©grĂ©s Ă  un modĂšle conceptuel, reprĂ©sentant les diffĂ©rentes Ă©tapes du cycle de vie de l'espĂšce, et l'impact des opĂ©rations sylvicoles sur ces Ă©tapes. Les connaissances issues de cette thĂšse pourraient aussi bĂ©nĂ©ficier Ă  d'autres problĂ©matiques liĂ©es Ă  l'espĂšce (e.g. c'est une espĂšce invasive dans de nombreuses rĂ©gions du monde) et Ă  la comprĂ©hension de l'Ă©cologie de la rĂ©gĂ©nĂ©ration des espĂšces ligneuses. En effet, l'allocation des ressources Ă  la reproduction pourrait ĂȘtre plastique et permettre une rĂ©ponse adaptative Ă  un environnement changeant; et la variabilitĂ© spatiotemporelle de la rĂ©gĂ©nĂ©ration des ligneux pourrait reposer sur l'existence de niches Ă©cologiques de rĂ©gĂ©nĂ©ration dĂ©finies dans l'espace Ă©cologique.Symbiotic nitrogen fixation by European gorse (Ulex europaeus) is a major source of nitrogen in the 'Landes de Gascogne' cultivated forest of maritime pine. This thesis aims to build a conceptual model of the population dynamic of gorse in the region, with a view to predict the associated flux of nitrogen. To achieve this, several steps of the life cycle of the species were studied: production and predation of seeds, and the recruitment of new plants from the seedbank.The results suggest that the maintenance of this light demanding species in the shade of the canopy of pines is improved by the decrease of reproductive allocation, which enable to maintain its growth, and by the decrease of the predation of seeds. The recruitment of new gorse plants seems controlled by identifiable ecological factors (e.g. soil moisture), however these factors are highly variable in space and time, and no specific micro-habitat appears to be more favourable for the species regeneration.These results are integrated into a conceptual model based on the different steps of the life cycle of the species, and taking into consideration the influence of forestry practices on these steps. Furthermore, the production of knowledge could benefit other subjects related to the species (e.g gorse is a noxious weed in many region in the world) and the understanding of the ecology of woody plants' regeneration. Allocation of resources to reproduction may be plastic and enable an adaptative response to a changing environment; and spatiotemporal variability of the regeneration of woody plants may rely on the existence of ecological regeneration niches defined in the ecological space

    Population dynamic of an undestory legume (Ulex europaeus) in the context of forestry of maritime pine in the 'Landes de Gascogne'" : Proposition for a conceptual model

    No full text
    La fixation symbiotique d'azote par l'ajonc d'Europe (Ulex europaeus) reprĂ©sente une source importante d'azote dans la forĂȘt cultivĂ©e de pins maritimes des 'Landes de Gascogne'. Cette thĂšse a pour objectif la crĂ©ation d'un modĂšle conceptuel de dynamique de population de l'ajonc dans la rĂ©gion en vue de la prĂ©diction du flux d'azote associĂ©. Pour cela plusieurs Ă©tapes du cycle de vie de l'espĂšce ont Ă©tĂ© Ă©tudiĂ©es: la production et la prĂ©dation des graines, puis le recrutement de nouveaux individus depuis le stock de graines du sol. Nos rĂ©sultats suggĂšrent que le maintien de cette espĂšce hĂ©liophile Ă  l'ombre de la canopĂ©e des pins est facilitĂ© par la diminution de l'allocation de ressources Ă  la reproduction, lui permettant de maintenir sa croissance, et par la diminution de la prĂ©dation des graines. Par ailleurs, le recrutement de nouveaux ajoncs semble influencĂ© par des facteurs Ă©cologiques identifiables (e.g. humiditĂ© du sol). Mais ces facteurs sont fortement variables dans l'espace et dans le temps, et aucun micro habitat n'apparait comme plus favorable Ă  la rĂ©gĂ©nĂ©ration de l'espĂšce. Ces rĂ©sultats sont intĂ©grĂ©s Ă  un modĂšle conceptuel, reprĂ©sentant les diffĂ©rentes Ă©tapes du cycle de vie de l'espĂšce, et l'impact des opĂ©rations sylvicoles sur ces Ă©tapes. Les connaissances issues de cette thĂšse pourraient aussi bĂ©nĂ©ficier Ă  d'autres problĂ©matiques liĂ©es Ă  l'espĂšce (e.g. c'est une espĂšce invasive dans de nombreuses rĂ©gions du monde) et Ă  la comprĂ©hension de l'Ă©cologie de la rĂ©gĂ©nĂ©ration des espĂšces ligneuses. En effet, l'allocation des ressources Ă  la reproduction pourrait ĂȘtre plastique et permettre une rĂ©ponse adaptative Ă  un environnement changeant; et la variabilitĂ© spatiotemporelle de la rĂ©gĂ©nĂ©ration des ligneux pourrait reposer sur l'existence de niches Ă©cologiques de rĂ©gĂ©nĂ©ration dĂ©finies dans l'espace Ă©cologique.Symbiotic nitrogen fixation by European gorse (Ulex europaeus) is a major source of nitrogen in the 'Landes de Gascogne' cultivated forest of maritime pine. This thesis aims to build a conceptual model of the population dynamic of gorse in the region, with a view to predict the associated flux of nitrogen. To achieve this, several steps of the life cycle of the species were studied: production and predation of seeds, and the recruitment of new plants from the seedbank.The results suggest that the maintenance of this light demanding species in the shade of the canopy of pines is improved by the decrease of reproductive allocation, which enable to maintain its growth, and by the decrease of the predation of seeds. The recruitment of new gorse plants seems controlled by identifiable ecological factors (e.g. soil moisture), however these factors are highly variable in space and time, and no specific micro-habitat appears to be more favourable for the species regeneration.These results are integrated into a conceptual model based on the different steps of the life cycle of the species, and taking into consideration the influence of forestry practices on these steps. Furthermore, the production of knowledge could benefit other subjects related to the species (e.g gorse is a noxious weed in many region in the world) and the understanding of the ecology of woody plants' regeneration. Allocation of resources to reproduction may be plastic and enable an adaptative response to a changing environment; and spatiotemporal variability of the regeneration of woody plants may rely on the existence of ecological regeneration niches defined in the ecological space

    Effect and response traits in severe environments in the context of positive plant–plant interactions. A commentary on: ‘Interspecific interactions alter plant functional strategies in a revegetated shrub-dominated community in the Mu Us Desert’

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    Studies of plant functional traits have considerably increased our understanding of the mechanisms driving plant–plant interactions and community assembly. In benign environments with dominant negative interactions, competitive outcomes are driven mainly by the advantage associated with particular trait values, and trait dissimilarity between interacting species appears necessary for stabilizing niche differences and species coexistence (Kraft et al., 2015). In severe environments, with positive plant–plant interactions (i.e. facilitation) being the main force driving species coexistence, species are more prone to benefit from facilitation by nurse plants when they are functionally dissimilar from their nurses (Navarro-Cano et al., 2019). In the most severe environments, with intense abiotic filters, only highly stress-tolerant species with strong functional similarity remain in the communities, which often leads to a collapse of positive interactions (Liancourt et al., 2017). Thus, the degree of functional similarity is a critical driver of plant–plant interactions in severe environments
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