Effect of Supplementation of Dairy Cows under Cut and Carry or Grazing of Irrigated Cultivated Pastures in Small Scale Dairy Systems in the Highlands of Central Mexico

Small-scale dairy systems in Mexico represent over 78% of dairy farms and produce 37% of the nation’s milk, and have an important role in reducing rural poverty. Small-scale dairy systems are defined by having herds of 3 to 35 cows plus replacements, and rely mostly on the family for labour. In the central highlands, many small-scale dairy farms base the feeding of herds on irrigated cultivated pastures of ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum, L. perenne) – white clover (Trifolium repens), mostly under cut-and-carry by hand with scythes, straws, and large amounts of commercial compound concentrates that result in high feeding costs and low economic sustainability (Fadul-Pacheco et al., 2013). One option to optimize the use of resources in these systems is to change the use of grasslands to intensive grazing that result in lower feeding costs when compared to cut-and-carry strategies. Also, the high protein content of pasture may meet requirements for moderate yields by dairy cows, so that commercial concentrates may be substituted by lower protein, lower cost supplements like ground maize grain and remove the straws of the diets

Biomarcadores moleculares en la predicción de sarcopenia

A lo largo de la vida se presentan diferentes cambios a nivel de composición corporal, siendo más notorios durante el proceso de envejecimiento. La sarcopenia se define como la pérdida progresiva y constante de la masa muscular magra así como la función y la fuerza del músculo esquelético. Se presenta como un proceso del envejecimiento, en el que el cuerpo experimenta un deterioro progresivo de calidad, reducción de tamaño, número de las fibras musculares, colágeno, modificación de unidad motora que se ha relacionado con el aumento de porcentaje de grasa, cambios hormonales, mecanismos inflamatorios, estrés oxidativo, ingesta de proteínas y actividad física. El envejecimiento puede ser considerado como la resistencia de varios estímulos anabólicos al músculo (sistema nervioso central [SNC], hormona del crecimiento, estrógeno, testosterona, proteína dietética, actividad física, acción de insulina) y posiblemente el desarrollo de varios procesos catabólicos naturales del mismo (inflamación subclínica, producción de citoquinas catabólicas: factor de necrosis tumoral- [TNF- -6 [IL-6], interleucina- - -1, IL- s causas de la sarcopenia todavía no se comprenden claramente, existen muchos mecanismos potenciales que han sido investigados en mayor o menor medida, como la edad, las relacionadas a la enfermedad, nutrición y actividad física. Los criterios para identificar a la sarcopenia incluye la cantidad, función muscular y el rendimiento físico, lo cual, si se llegaran a integrar biomarcadores moleculares en la evaluación clínica, el diagnóstico podría efectuarse de una manera temprana, para evitar la complicaciones asociadas a la fragilida

Grade de agrotóxicos e afins da produção integrada do pêssego - Ciclo 2020/2021.

Nesta publicação são apresentados os agrotóxicos autorizados para o controle das principais pragas (doenças, plantas daninhas e insetos), bem como os feromônios, fitorreguladores e saneantes para a cultura do pessegueiro.bitstream/item/218634/1/COMUNICADO-TECNICO-378.pd

The SNP at −592 of human IL-10 gene is associated with serum IL-10 levels and increased risk for human papillomavirus cervical lesion development

BACKGROUND: Women with Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) persistence are characterized by high levels of IL-10 at cervix. We have determined whether polymorphisms of IL-10 gene promoter might be associated with increased risk of squamous intraepithelial cervical lesions (SICL) and whether exist significative differences of IL-10 mRNA expression at cervix and systemic and serum IL-10 protein between SICL cases and non-Cervical Lesions (NCL). METHODS: Peripheral blood samples from SICL (n = 204) and NCL (n = 166) were used to detect IL-10 promoter polymorphisms at loci -592A/C (rs1800872), -819C/T (rs1800871), -1082A/G (rs1800896), -1352A/G (rs1800893), by allelic discrimination and to evaluate serum IL-10 protein. Cervical epithelial scrapings from NCL and biopsies from SICLs were used for HPV-typing and to evaluate IL-10 mRNA expression level. The systemic and local IL-10 mRNA expression levels were measured by real time-PCR. Genotypic and allelic frequencies of the selected polymorphisms were analyzed by logistic regression, adjusting by age and HPV-genotype, to determine the association with SICL. RESULTS: No significant differences were found between genotype frequencies at loci −819, -1082, and −1352. Individuals carrying at least one copy of risk allele A of polymorphism −592 had a two-fold increased risk of developing SICL [adjusted odds ratio (OR), 2.02 (95% CI, 1.26-3.25), p = 0.003], compared to NCL. The IL-10 mRNA expression and serum IL-10 protein, were significantly higher in SICL cases (p < 0.01), being higher in patients carrying the risk allele A. CONCLUSIONS: The −592 polymorphism is associated with increased risk of SICL and can serve as a marker of genetic susceptibility to SICL among Mexican women. According to IL-10 levels found in SICL, IL-10 can be relevant factor for viral persistence and progression disease

CYTOTOXIC EFFECT OF THE ETHANOLIC EXTRACT OF LOPHOCEREUS SCHOTTII: A MEXICAN MEDICINAL PLANT.

Lophocereus schottii is a Mexican cactus known as garambullo whose bark is used for the treatment of cancer, diabetes, ulcers, sores, stomach disorders and tuberculosis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the cytotoxic effect of the ethanolic extract of bark of L. Schottii. To assess these effects we established a flow of experiments in a model of BALB/c mice murine lymphoma. We value first survival of mice inoculated with 2 × 104 L5178Y murine lymphoma cells, orally treated with 10 mg/Kg of the extract for 10 consecutive days; the second assessment was to determine the influence of the immune system, we carry out studies of lymphoproliferation in mice with the same conditions of the previous study, only that the treatment was for 22 days before the completion cell cultures; the third study was to establish the cytotoxic effect of extract of L. schottii using different concentrations, by murine lymphoma cell cultures and splenocytes from healthy mice and finally we assessed the effect in vivo of extract of L. Schottii in a model of solid murine lymphoma inoculating 1 x 107 lymphoma cells in the gastrocnemius muscle observing the development of the tumor. We observed that oral treatment of 10 mg/kg of extract of L. schottii increased survival rate in treated mice; additionally, an intratumoral injection of 50 and 100 mg/kg in a solid murine lymphoma located in the gastrocnemius muscle, allowed a significantly slower tumor evolution. In vitro studies determined that extract inhibited 63% of lymphoma cell growth. With these evidences it is feasible to scientifically validate that ethanolic extract of L. schottii had an effect on L5178Y murine cells lymphoma and could have the same effect in human tumors

Effect of potassium fertilizers associated with cold storage on peach (Prunus persica L.) quality.

Potassium (K) fertilization may affect peach quality and preservation. This study aimed at evaluating the effect of doses of K on physico-chemical and functional characteristics of "Sensação" peaches in the postharvest period. Mass loss, pulp color, total solublesolids, titratable acidity, pH, pulp and skin firmness, total concentrations of phenolic compounds and carotenoids and antioxidant activity were evaluated in fruits. The experiment was a randomized block design in a 5x3 factorial scheme, five doses of fertilizers (0, 40, 80, 120 and 160 Kg ha-1K2O) and three storage periods (harvest day, 10 days and 20 days in cold storage at 1±1ºC, followed by a day of simulated commercialization at 20±1ºC). Mass loss, pulp firmness, phenolic compounds, antioxidant activity and carotenoids decreased when fruit underwent cold storage, independent of the dosage of K fertilization. Doses of40 and160 kg ha-1K2O applied to the soil lead to a larger number of phenolic compoundsand higher antioxidant activity in fruits at harvest time. After cold storage, fertilization with160 kg ha-1K2O exhibited the highest antioxidant activity and the lowest mass loss in fruits. Increase in doses of K strengthened the color of peach pulp

Bioactive compounds and physical-chemical characteristics of two genotypes of peach trees submitted to nitrogen fertilization.

Nitrogen, which is the primary nutrient peach trees need, may affect their fruit quality. Thus, this study aimed at evaluating the effect of nitrogen fertilization on two genotypes of peach trees, regarding their fruit quality, in three consecutive crops. The experiment was carried out in the experimental area that belongs to the Embrapa Clima Temperado, located in Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul (RS), Brazil, from 2016, 2016, 2017 and 2018. Four doses of nitrogen (0, 60, 120 and 180 Kg ha-1) and two peach tree genotypes (?Cascata 1513? and ?Cascata 1067?) were used. For the fruit, we evaluated epidermis color, pulp firmness, epidermis firmness, soluble solids concentration, titratable acidity, concentration of total phenolic compounds, anthocyanins and antioxidant activity. Fruit underwent physical, chemical and bioactive compound analyses. Results showed that the highest dose of nitrogen (180 Kg ha-1) applied to the soil retards fruit ripening, while no application of nitrogen fertilization brings fruit maturation forward. Nitrogen fertilization via soil does not favor anthocyanins in fruit. Doses of 60 and 120 Kg ha-1 of nitrogen are recommended because they lead to improvement in peach color, epidermis firmness and acidity. Peach tree genotypes influence soluble solids, juice pH, phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity of their fruit

A complete sample of bright Swift Long Gamma-Ray Bursts: Sample presentation, Luminosity Function and evolution

We present a carefully selected sub-sample of Swift Long Gamma-ray Bursts (GRBs), that is complete in redshift. The sample is constructed by considering only bursts with favorable observing conditions for ground-based follow-up searches, that are bright in the 15-150 keV Swift/BAT band, i.e. with 1-s peak photon fluxes in excess to 2.6 ph s^-1 cm^-2. The sample is composed by 58 bursts, 52 of them with redshift for a completeness level of 90%, while another two have a redshift constraint, reaching a completeness level of 95%. For only three bursts we have no constraint on the redshift. The high level of redshift completeness allows us for the first time to constrain the GRB luminosity function and its evolution with cosmic times in a unbiased way. We find that strong evolution in luminosity (d_l=2.3\pm 0.6) or in density (d_d=1.7\pm 0.5) is required in order to account for the observations. The derived redshift distribution in the two scenarios are consistent with each other, in spite of their different intrinsic redshift distribution. This calls for other indicators to distinguish among different evolution models. Complete samples are at the base of any population studies. In future works we will use this unique sample of Swift bright GRBs to study the properties of the population of long GRBs.Comment: 7 pages, 3 figures, 2 tables; ApJ in pres