Efecto del Dimetilsulfóxido (DMSO) y N-Acetilcisteína (NAC) en un modelo animal de Isquemia-Reperfusion renal

La principal causa de la Insuficiencia renal aguda (IRA) es la isquemia renal, entidad clínica frecuente en escenarios hospitalarios en donde se hace presente la disminución del flujo sanguíneo renal. La IRA está presente en aproximadamente un 5% de los pacientes hospitalizados y en un 30% a 50% de los pacientes en unidades de cuidados intensivos, su mortalidad asociada oscila entre un 15% y 60%2. A pesar de todos los esfuerzos y el desarrollo farmacológico de la medicina en las últimas décadas, esta patología continua manteniendo cifras significativas de morbimortalidad a diferencia de otras patologías isquémicas como el Infarto agudo de miocardio (IAM) y el Accidente cerebrovascular (ACV)

Imaginarios, violencia y sexismo entre cibernautas de tres sitios de noticias de Facebook en México

The virtual spaces, given the characteristics of the interaction that takes place in them, offer a relative freedom or a sense of permissiveness with respect to the norms of conduct established at the socio-cultural level between people. This permissiveness can be observed in the linguistic violence present in social networks. The objective of this work is to show the use of certain discourteous strategies that reproduce or promote aggressive speech and sexist verbal violence in three news sites with pages on Facebook: Animal Politico, Aristegui Noticias and Sin Embargo MX. For this, 150 opinions extracted from the news are analyzed and were motivated by the expressions of two public officials of Mexican politics towards indigenous women. A sociopragmatic and semiotic-discursive approach is developed to show the image activities, strategies, and resources that enunciators use to exercise sexism on those platforms. The trends mostly reflect acts of discourtesy: direct, indirect and by refractoriness and the predominance of threats to the image of civil servants and indigenous women.Los espacios virtuales, dadas las características de la interacción que en ellos se desarrolla, ofrecen una relativa libertad o una sensación de permisividad con respecto a las normas de conducta establecidas en el nivel socio-cultural entre las personas. Dicha permisividad se puede observar en la violencia lingüística presente en las redes sociales. El objetivo de este trabajo es mostrar el empleo de ciertas estrategias descorteses que reproducen o promueven el discurso agresivo y la violencia verbal sexista en tres sitios de noticias con páginas en Facebook: Animal Político, Aristegui Noticias y Sin Embargo MX. Para ello se analizan 150 opiniones extraídas de noticias y que fueron motivadas por las expresiones de dos funcionarias públicas de la política mexicana hacia mujeres indígenas. Se desarrolla una aproximación sociopragmática y semiótico-discursiva para mostrar las actividades de imagen y las estrategias y recursos de que se valen los enunciatarios para ejercer el sexismo en esas plataformas. Las tendencias reflejan mayormente actos de descortesía: directa, indirecta y por refractariedad y el predominio de amenazas a la imagen de las funcionarias y las mujeres indígenas

La representación discursiva de la identidad racial en las redes sociales

The aim of this chapter is a brief review mainly of Hispanic and American theoretical contributions to address the issue of racism in news sites and social networks and propose the theory of social representations as a relevant theoretical tool to understand the processes discursive construction of racial identity in this social space. For this divide exploration in the following categories: 1) the Internet as a space for the construction of identity and community formation around ethnic and racial identity; 2) social networks as a place to express racial attitudes; and 3) the social representations as interpretive guiding principles and to study the discursive construction of racial identity

Jogo em primeira infância: Aproximação ao significado dado por educadoras de crianças

The play, as a natural activity of the human being, mainly during the first years of life, acquires a key relevance from the pedagogical point of view at the level of early childhood education. In this regard, this work presents the main results of a study that aimed at finding out the meaning attributed to the play by nursery teachers who work with children under the age of three. The research was carried out under a qualitative methodology, and as method, the Hermeneutic Phenomenology was used. Six professionals who work with pre-school children under the age of three in institutions located in regions of Ñuble and Biobío in Chile, took part in this study. As information production technique, an in-depth interview was used, analyzed based on a mixed categorization process with the support of Atlas.ti v.8. software. The results highlight that nursery teachers, at a conscious level, have clarity to conceptualize the play, attributing a significant value as a means of learning, while in its implementation, the instrumentalization of this activity is visualized.El juego como actividad natural del ser humano -fundamentalmente en sus primeros años de vida- adopta una relevancia clave desde el punto de vista pedagógico a nivel de la educación infantil. Al respecto, este trabajo presenta los principales resultados de un estudio que tuvo como propósito indagar sobre el significado que le atribuyen al juego educadoras que desempeñan su labor con párvulos menores de tres años. La investigación se llevó a cabo bajo una metodología cualitativa y se empleó la Fenomenología Hermenéutica como método. Participaron seis profesionales que desempeñan su labor con párvulos menores de tres años en instituciones educativas ubicadas en las regiones de Ñuble y Biobío, Chile. Como técnica de producción de información se empleó la entrevista en profundidad, analizada a partir de un proceso de categorización mixto con apoyo del software Atlas ti v.8. En los resultados se destaca que las educadoras, a nivel de conciencia, tienen claridad para conceptualizar el juego, atribuyéndole una significativa valoración como medio para el aprendizaje, pero en su implementación se visualiza la instrumentalización de esta actividad.O jogo, como atividade natural do ser humano fundamentalmente em seus primeiros anos de vida, adota uma relevância chave do ponto de vista pedagógico no nível da educação infantil. Quanto a isso, esse trabalho apresenta os principais resultados de uma análise que teve como alvo indagar sobre o significado atribuído ao jogo por educadoras que desempenham seu trabalho com crianças menores de três anos. A pesquisa foi realizada conforme uma metodologia qualitativa, sendo utilizada a Fenomenologia Hermenêutica como método. Participaram dela seis profissionais que desempenham seu trabalho com crianças menores de três anos em instituições educacionais localizadas nas regiões de Ñuble e Biobío, no Chile. Como técnica de produção de informação foi empregada a entrevista em profundidade, analisada a partir de um processo de categorização misto com apoio do software Atlas ti v.8. Nos resultados salienta que, em nível de consciência, as educadoras têm clareza para conceituar o jogo, atribuindo-lhe significativa importância como meio de aprendizagem, porém em sua implementação é percebida a instrumentalização dessa atividade

ECONOMÍA Y RECURSOS HUMANOS: UNA REFLEXIÓN DESDE LA DESIGUALDAD Y POBREZA EN PANAMÁ

The strategies and objectives in the economic policy design and the tools provided by economic theory help to interpret the possible effects already addressed by other authors, in such a way that we can extract the most relevant opinions to illustrate our point of view, it is essential to refer to the bibliography used in this reflection if you want to address the analysis in more depth and allow yourself a much more conclusive interpretation than ours. Using the document prepared by the University of Panama as a reference, as a starting point helps to clarify the failure of neoliberal policies in Panama before and after the health, economic, human resources, and social crisis, also it promotes supporting with clear objectives such as an alternative Comprehensive and Inclusive Development Strategy. This academic and university effort should guide the social forces to suggest options so that the Panamanian economy can function and discard the structures that promote inequality and poverty. Finally, the complex reality that is presented allows us to advise the consequences of making reality the alternative development project, an issue that promotes principles of equity and social justice.Las estrategias y objetivos en el diseño de la política económica y las herramientas que brinda la teoría de la economía ayudan a interpretar los posibles efectos ya abordados por otros autores, de tal manera que podamos extraer las opiniones más relevantes para ilustrar nuestro punto de vista, se hace indispensable remitirse a la bibliografía utilizada en esta reflexión si se desea abordar el análisis con más profundidad y permitirse una interpretación mucho más concluyente que la nuestra. Al utilizar como referencia el documento elaborado por la Universidad de Panamá, como punto de partida ayuda a esclarecer el fracaso de las políticas neoliberales en Panamá antes y después de la crisis sanitaria, económica, de recurso humano y social, además promueve un soporte con objetivos claros como Estrategia alternativa de Desarrollo Integral e Inclusivo. Este esfuerzo académico y universitario debe guiar a las fuerzas sociales a sugerir opciones, para que la economía panameña logre funcionar y desechar las estructuras que promueven la desigualdad y la pobreza. Finalmente, la compleja realidad que se presenta permite advertir las consecuencias de hacer realidad el proyecto alternativo de desarrollo, tema que promueve principios de equidad y justicia social

Epidemiología de las infecciones por parásitos intestinales en el Cantón Nabón, Ecuador

El parasitismo intestinal es considerado como un problema médico social en una sociedad. La Organización Mundial de la Salud la asocia al entorno en el que habita un individuo acompañado de una mala higiene, consumo de alimentos crudos, falta de provisión de agua potable, contaminación fecal, bajo nivel de instrucción, hacinamiento y el inadecuado tratamiento y excreción de los residuos que generalmente involucra la parte gubernamental. La presente investigación se planteó como objetivo determinar la epidemiologia de la parasitosis intestinal en la población del cantón Nabón, Ecuador. La población estuvo constituida por 15.892 personas. A partir de una muestra de 382 habitantes, se evaluaron las siguientes variables:  sexo, edad, residencia, etnia, exámenes coproparasitarios, aplicando la técnica de Ritchie, para diagnosticar la presencia de parasitosis intestinal e identificar el tipo de Parasito. Se identificó que existe una prevalencia de parasitosis intestinal de 56,03%, el tipo de parasito intestinal que predomino fueron los protozoarios no se reportaron helmintos, la infección por Entamoeba hystolitica fue la más frecuente con un 48,01%, de las variables sociodemográficas predomino sexo femenino, edad adulta, etnia mestiza y residencia rural. Se concluye que la infección por parásitos intestinales es un problema que afecta a la mas de la mitad de la población estudiada presumiendo como mecanismo de trasmisión factores condiciones relacionados a la contaminación fecal.Intestinal parasitism is considered as a social medical issue in a community. World Health Organization relates it to the environment in which an individual inhabitates followed by a bad hygiene, consumption of raw food, lack of drinking water supply, fecal contamination, low education level, overcrowding and improper handling and excretion of residuals which commonly involves the government. The present research aimed to determine the epidemiology of intestinal parasitosis in the population of the Nabón canton, Ecuador. The universe consisted of 15,892 people. From a sample of 382 inhabitants, the following variables were evaluated: sex, age, residence, ethnicity, coproparasitic examinations, applying the Ritchie technique, to diagnose the presence of intestinal parasitosis and identify the type of Parasite. It was identified that there is a prevalence of Intestinal parasitism 56.03%, the predominant type of intestinal parasite was protozoa, no helminths were reported, Entamoeba hystolitica infection was the most frequent with 48.01%, of sociodemographical variables, female genre, adult age, half-blood ethnic and rural residence ruled. Is concluded that the infection by intestinal parasites is a problem that affects half of the population studied, presuming factors related to fecal contamination as the transmission mechanism

Mutational Landscape of CEBPA in Mexican Pediatric Acute Myeloid Leukemia Patients: Prognostic Implications

BackgroundIn Mexico, the incidence of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) has increased in the last few years. Mortality is higher than in developed countries, even though the same chemotherapy protocols are used. CCAAT Enhancer Binding Protein Alpha (CEBPA) mutations are recurrent in AML, influence prognosis, and help to define treatment strategies. CEBPA mutational profiles and their clinical implications have not been evaluated in Mexican pediatric AML patients.Aim of the StudyTo identify the mutational landscape of the CEBPA gene in pediatric patients with de novo AML and assess its influence on clinical features and overall survival (OS).Materials and MethodsDNA was extracted from bone marrow aspirates at diagnosis. Targeted massive parallel sequencing of CEBPA was performed in 80 patients.ResultsCEBPA was mutated in 12.5% (10/80) of patients. Frameshifts at the N-terminal region were the most common mutations 57.14% (8/14). CEBPA biallelic (CEBPABI) mutations were identified in five patients. M2 subtype was the most common in CEBPA positive patients (CEBPAPOS) (p = 0.009); 50% of the CEBPAPOS patients had a WBC count > 100,000 at diagnosis (p = 0.004). OS > 1 year was significantly better in CEBPA negative (CEBPANEG) patients (p = 0.0001). CEBPAPOS patients (either bi- or monoallelic) had a significantly lower OS (p = 0.002). Concurrent mutations in FLT3, CSF3R, and WT1 genes were found in CEBPAPOS individuals. Their contribution to poor OS cannot be ruled out.ConclusionCEBPA mutational profiles in Mexican pediatric AML patients and their clinical implications were evaluated for the first time. The frequency of CEBPAPOS was in the range reported for pediatric AML (4.5–15%). CEBPA mutations showed a negative impact on OS as opposed to the results of other studies

Long-Term Real-World Effectiveness and Safety of Ustekinumab in Crohn’s Disease Patients: The SUSTAIN Study

Background Large real-world-evidence studies are required to confirm the durability of response, effectiveness, and safety of ustekinumab in Crohn’s disease (CD) patients in real-world clinical practice. Methods A retrospective, multicentre study was conducted in Spain in patients with active CD who had received ≥1 intravenous dose of ustekinumab for ≥6 months. Primary outcome was ustekinumab retention rate; secondary outcomes were to identify predictive factors for drug retention, short-term remission (week 16), loss of response and predictive factors for short-term efficacy and loss of response, and ustekinumab safety. Results A total of 463 patients were included. Mean baseline Harvey-Bradshaw Index was 8.4. A total of 447 (96.5%) patients had received prior biologic therapy, 141 (30.5%) of whom had received ≥3 agents. In addition, 35.2% received concomitant immunosuppressants, and 47.1% had ≥1 abdominal surgery. At week 16, 56% had remission, 70% had response, and 26.1% required dose escalation or intensification; of these, 24.8% did not subsequently reduce dose. After a median follow-up of 15 months, 356 (77%) patients continued treatment. The incidence rate of ustekinumab discontinuation was 18% per patient-year of follow-up. Previous intestinal surgery and concomitant steroid treatment were associated with higher risk of ustekinumab discontinuation, while a maintenance schedule every 12 weeks had a lower risk; neither concomitant immunosuppressants nor the number of previous biologics were associated with ustekinumab discontinuation risk. Fifty adverse events were reported in 39 (8.4%) patients; 4 of them were severe (2 infections, 1 malignancy, and 1 fever). Conclusions Ustekinumab is effective and safe as short- and long-term treatment in a refractory cohort of CD patients in real-world clinical practice

Using Interpretable Machine Learning to Identify Baseline Predictive Factors of Remission and Drug Durability in Crohn’s Disease Patients on Ustekinumab

Ustekinumab has shown efficacy in Crohn's Disease (CD) patients. To identify patient profiles of those who benefit the most from this treatment would help to position this drug in the therapeutic paradigm of CD and generate hypotheses for future trials. The objective of this analysis was to determine whether baseline patient characteristics are predictive of remission and the drug durability of ustekinumab, and whether its positioning with respect to prior use of biologics has a significant effect after correcting for disease severity and phenotype at baseline using interpretable machine learning. Patients' data from SUSTAIN, a retrospective multicenter single-arm cohort study, were used. Disease phenotype, baseline laboratory data, and prior treatment characteristics were documented. Clinical remission was defined as the Harvey Bradshaw Index <= 4 and was tracked longitudinally. Drug durability was defined as the time until a patient discontinued treatment. A total of 439 participants from 60 centers were included and a total of 20 baseline covariates considered. Less exposure to previous biologics had a positive effect on remission, even after controlling for baseline disease severity using a non-linear, additive, multivariable model. Additionally, age, body mass index, and fecal calprotectin at baseline were found to be statistically significant as independent negative risk factors for both remission and drug survival, with further risk factors identified for remission

Clonal chromosomal mosaicism and loss of chromosome Y in elderly men increase vulnerability for SARS-CoV-2

The pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19) had an estimated overall case fatality ratio of 1.38% (pre-vaccination), being 53% higher in males and increasing exponentially with age. Among 9578 individuals diagnosed with COVID-19 in the SCOURGE study, we found 133 cases (1.42%) with detectable clonal mosaicism for chromosome alterations (mCA) and 226 males (5.08%) with acquired loss of chromosome Y (LOY). Individuals with clonal mosaic events (mCA and/or LOY) showed a 54% increase in the risk of COVID-19 lethality. LOY is associated with transcriptomic biomarkers of immune dysfunction, pro-coagulation activity and cardiovascular risk. Interferon-induced genes involved in the initial immune response to SARS-CoV-2 are also down-regulated in LOY. Thus, mCA and LOY underlie at least part of the sex-biased severity and mortality of COVID-19 in aging patients. Given its potential therapeutic and prognostic relevance, evaluation of clonal mosaicism should be implemented as biomarker of COVID-19 severity in elderly people. Among 9578 individuals diagnosed with COVID-19 in the SCOURGE study, individuals with clonal mosaic events (clonal mosaicism for chromosome alterations and/or loss of chromosome Y) showed an increased risk of COVID-19 lethality