Daptomycin > 6 mg/kg/day as salvage therapy in patients with complex bone and joint infection: cohort study in a regional reference center

Background: Even if daptomycin does not have approval for the treatment of bone and joint infections (BJI), the Infectious Diseases Society of America guidelines propose this antibiotic as alternative therapy for prosthetic joint infection. The recommended dose is 6 mg/kg/d, whereas recent data support the use of higher doses in these patients.Methods: We performed a cohort study including consecutive patients that have received daptomycin >6 mg/kg/d for complex BJI between 2011 and 2013 in a French regional reference center. Factors associated with treatment failure were determined on univariate Cox analysis and Kaplan-Meier curves.Results: Forty-three patients (age, 61 ± 17 years) received a mean dose of 8 ± 0.9 mg/kg/d daptomycin, for a mean 81 ± 59 days (range, 6-303 days). Most had chronic (n = 37, 86 %) implant-associated (n = 37, 86 %) BJI caused by coagulasenegative staphylococci (n = 32, 74 %). A severe adverse event (SAE) occurred in 6 patients (14 %), including 2 cases of eosinophilic pneumonia, concomitant with daptomycin Cmin >24 mg/L. Outcome was favorable in 30 (77 %) of the 39 clinically assessable patients. Predictors for treatment failure were age, non-optimal surgery and daptomycin withdrawal for SAE.Conclusions: Prolonged high-dose daptomycin therapy was effective in patients with complex BJI. However, optimal surgery remains the cornerstone of medico-surgical strategy; and a higher incidence of eosinophilic pneumonia than expected was recorded

Development and validation of a rabbit model of Pseudomonas aeruginosa non-ventilated pneumonia for preclinical drug development

BackgroundNew drugs targeting antimicrobial resistant pathogens, including Pseudomonas aeruginosa, have been challenging to evaluate in clinical trials, particularly for the non-ventilated hospital-acquired pneumonia and ventilator-associated pneumonia indications. Development of new antibacterial drugs is facilitated by preclinical animal models that could predict clinical efficacy in patients with these infections.MethodsWe report here an FDA-funded study to develop a rabbit model of non-ventilated pneumonia with Pseudomonas aeruginosa by determining the extent to which the natural history of animal disease reproduced human pathophysiology and conducting validation studies to evaluate whether humanized dosing regimens of two antibiotics, meropenem and tobramycin, can halt or reverse disease progression.ResultsIn a rabbit model of non-ventilated pneumonia, endobronchial challenge with live P. aeruginosa strain 6206, but not with UV-killed Pa6206, caused acute respiratory distress syndrome, as evidenced by acute lung inflammation, pulmonary edema, hemorrhage, severe hypoxemia, hyperlactatemia, neutropenia, thrombocytopenia, and hypoglycemia, which preceded respiratory failure and death. Pa6206 increased >100-fold in the lungs and then disseminated from there to infect distal organs, including spleen and kidneys. At 5 h post-infection, 67% of Pa6206-challenged rabbits had PaO2 <60 mmHg, corresponding to a clinical cut-off when oxygen therapy would be required. When administered at 5 h post-infection, humanized dosing regimens of tobramycin and meropenem reduced mortality to 17-33%, compared to 100% for saline-treated rabbits (P<0.001 by log-rank tests). For meropenem which exhibits time-dependent bactericidal activity, rabbits treated with a humanized meropenem dosing regimen of 80 mg/kg q2h for 24 h achieved 100% T>MIC, resulting in 75% microbiological clearance rate of Pa6206 from the lungs. For tobramycin which exhibits concentration-dependent killing, rabbits treated with a humanized tobramycin dosing regimen of 8 mg/kg q8h for 24 h achieved Cmax/MIC of 9.8 ± 1.4 at 60 min post-dose, resulting in 50% lung microbiological clearance rate. In contrast, rabbits treated with a single tobramycin dose of 2.5 mg/kg had Cmax/MIC of 7.8 ± 0.8 and 8% (1/12) microbiological clearance rate, indicating that this rabbit model can detect dose-response effects.ConclusionThe rabbit model may be used to help predict clinical efficacy of new antibacterial drugs for the treatment of non-ventilated P. aeruginosa pneumonia

Feasibility and efficacy of early lung cancer diagnosis with chest computed tomography in HIV-infected smokers

International audienceOBJECTIVE: Lung cancer screening with chest computed tomography (CT) is beneficial in smokers aged 55 to 74 years. We studied the risks, benefits and feasibility of early lung cancer diagnosis with CT in HIV-infected smokers. DESIGN AND SETTING: French, multicentre, single round chest CT study in France, realized between February 2011 and June 2012. PARTICIPANTS: Patients were HIV-infected smokers at least 40 years, at least 20 pack-years, with a CD4 T-lymphocyte nadir count below 350 cells/μl. INTERVENTION: Single chest CT with a proposed standardized workup algorithm of positive images. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: The outcome was the number of histologically proven lung cancers diagnosed by CT with a 2-year follow-up. RESULTS: Median age of the 442 included patients was 49.8 years, 81.6% were under 55 years, 84% were men, median smoking was 30 pack-years, median nadir and last CD4 cell counts were 168 and 574 cells/μl, respectively, and 90% of patients had a plasma HIV RNA below 50 copies/ml. A positive image at baseline was reported in 94 (21%) patients, and 15 (3.4%) patients had 18 invasive procedures with no serious adverse events. Lung cancer was diagnosed in 10 patients (six at early stages), of which nine (2.0%, 95% confidence interval: 0.9-3.8) were CT detected, and eight in patients below 55 years. CONCLUSION: Early lung cancer diagnosis with CT in HIV-infected smokers was feasible, safe, and yielded a significant number of cancers. Lung cancer screening of HIV-infected smokers with an important history of immunodeficiency revealed a substantial number of cancers at younger ages than the targeted range in the general populatio

A Simple-to-Perform ifn-γ mRNA Gene Expression Assay on Whole Blood Accurately Appraises Varicella Zoster Virus-Specific Cell-Mediated Immunity After Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation

Herpes zoster, which is due to the reactivation of Varicella zoster virus (VZV), is a leading cause of morbidity after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT). While cell-mediated immunity (CMI) is critical to inhibiting VZV reactivation, CMI is not routinely assessed due to a lack of reliable tests. In this study, we aimed to evaluate VZV-specific CMI among allo-HSCT recipients (n = 60) and healthy individuals (HI, n = 17) through a panel of three immune functional assays after ex vivo stimulation by VZV antigen: quantification of (i) IFN-γ release in the supernatants, (ii) T-cell proliferation after a 7-day stimulation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), and (iii) measurement of the ifn-γ mRNA gene expression level after 24 h of stimulation of a whole-blood sample. VZV responsiveness was defined according to IFN-γ release from VZV-stimulated PBMC. Upon VZV stimulation, we found that allo-HSCT recipients at a median time of 6 [5-8] months post-transplant had lower IFN-γ release (median [IQR], 0.34 [0.12–8.56] vs. 409.5 [143.9–910.2] pg/ml, P <.0001) and fewer proliferating T cells (0.05 [0.01–0.57] % vs. 8.74 [3.12–15.05] %, P <.0001) than HI. A subset of allo-HSCT recipients (VZV-responders, n = 15/57, 26%) distinguished themselves from VZV-non-responders (n = 42/57, 74%; missing data, n = 3) by higher IFN-γ release (80.45 [54.3–312.8] vs. 0.22 [0.12–0.42] pg/ml, P <.0001) and T-cell proliferation (2.22 [1.18–7.56] % vs. 0.002 [0.001–0.11] %, P <.0001), suggesting recovery of VZV-specific CMI. Interestingly, VZV responders had a significant fold increase in ifn-γ gene expression, whereas ifn-γ mRNA was not detected in whole blood of VZV-non-responders (P <.0001). This study is the first to suggest that measurement of ifn-γ gene expression in 24-h-stimulated whole blood could be an accurate test of VZV-specific CMI. The routine use of this immune functional assay to guide antiviral prophylaxis at an individual level remains to be evaluated

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Le genre Staphylococcus, première étiologie des infections ostéo-articulaires (IOA), est associé à des formes particulièrement difficiles à traiter. Trois mécanismes phénotypiques ont été rattachés à ce fort taux de chronicité et de rechutes, permettant l'adaptation bactérienne à la vie au sein du tissu osseux et un échappement au système immunitaire de l'hôte et à l'action des antibiotiques : la formation de biofilm, la persistance des staphylocoques dans les ostéoblastes, et l'évolution vers le morphotype de small colony variant (SCV). Longtemps considéré comme simple commensal cutanéo-muqueux, S. epidermidis est désormais reconnu comme un agent étiologique majeur des IOA sur matériel. Or, si le portage est universel, l'infection est un phénomène rare. A ce jour, aucun facteur génotypique n'a pu être associé au pouvoir invasif de certaines souches de portage. Notre travail a permis de montrer l'absence de pouvoir discriminant des capacités d'internalisation des ostéoblastes et de formation de biofilm entre souches commensales et invasives. Par ailleurs, un très faible taux d'internalisation de S. epidermidis dans les ostéoblastes a été mis en évidence, suggérant une importance moindre de ce mécanisme dans la physiopathologie des IOA à S. epidermidis par rapport aux IOA à S. aureus. Les principales études ayant porté sur les capacités d'interaction de S. aureus avec les ostéoblastes et de formation de biofilm ont cherché à en explorer les mécanismes à partir de souches de laboratoire ou de souches représentatives de quelques clones de S. aureus résistants à la méticilline (SARM). Dans notre cas, nous avons souhaité étudier une large collection de souches cliniques de S. aureus (n=95) sensible à la méticilline (SASM) responsables d'IOA aiguës ou chroniques. La caractérisation des fonds génétiques de cette collection, puis en élargissant notre étude à des collections de différents villes françaises, a d'abord permis de décrire une forte prévalence du clone émergent de SASM CC398 dans les IOA en FrancePas de résumé en anglai

Infections ostéo-articulaires à Staphylococcus aureus et Staphylococcus epidermidis : épidémiologie moléculaire et corrélation entre expression clinique et interactions hôte – bactérie

Pas de résumé en anglaisLe genre Staphylococcus, première étiologie des infections ostéo-articulaires (IOA), est associé à des formes particulièrement difficiles à traiter. Trois mécanismes phénotypiques ont été rattachés à ce fort taux de chronicité et de rechutes, permettant l'adaptation bactérienne à la vie au sein du tissu osseux et un échappement au système immunitaire de l'hôte et à l'action des antibiotiques : la formation de biofilm, la persistance des staphylocoques dans les ostéoblastes, et l'évolution vers le morphotype de small colony variant (SCV). Longtemps considéré comme simple commensal cutanéo-muqueux, S. epidermidis est désormais reconnu comme un agent étiologique majeur des IOA sur matériel. Or, si le portage est universel, l'infection est un phénomène rare. A ce jour, aucun facteur génotypique n'a pu être associé au pouvoir invasif de certaines souches de portage. Notre travail a permis de montrer l'absence de pouvoir discriminant des capacités d'internalisation des ostéoblastes et de formation de biofilm entre souches commensales et invasives. Par ailleurs, un très faible taux d'internalisation de S. epidermidis dans les ostéoblastes a été mis en évidence, suggérant une importance moindre de ce mécanisme dans la physiopathologie des IOA à S. epidermidis par rapport aux IOA à S. aureus. Les principales études ayant porté sur les capacités d'interaction de S. aureus avec les ostéoblastes et de formation de biofilm ont cherché à en explorer les mécanismes à partir de souches de laboratoire ou de souches représentatives de quelques clones de S. aureus résistants à la méticilline (SARM). Dans notre cas, nous avons souhaité étudier une large collection de souches cliniques de S. aureus (n=95) sensible à la méticilline (SASM) responsables d'IOA aiguës ou chroniques. La caractérisation des fonds génétiques de cette collection, puis en élargissant notre étude à des collections de différents villes françaises, a d'abord permis de décrire une forte prévalence du clone émergent de SASM CC398 dans les IOA en Franc

Gentamicin–vancomycin–colistin local antibiotherapy in a cement spacer in a 54-year-old haemophilic patient with relapsing plurimicrobial severe prosthetic joint infection

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Daptomycin-induced eosinophilic pneumonia

International audienc

Pulmonary actinomycosis with large cavitation in an alcoholic 39-year-old man

International audienc