70 research outputs found

    Stepwise Development of MAIT Cells in Mouse and Human

    Get PDF
    Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells display two evolutionarily conserved features: an invariant T cell receptor (TCR)α (iTCRα) chain and restriction by the nonpolymorphic class Ib major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecule, MHC-related molecule 1 (MR1). MR1 expression on thymus epithelial cells is not necessary for MAIT cell development but their accumulation in the gut requires MR1 expressing B cells and commensal flora. MAIT cell development is poorly known, as these cells have not been found in the thymus so far. Herein, complementary human and mouse experiments using an anti-humanVα7.2 antibody and MAIT cell-specific iTCRα and TCRÎČ transgenic mice in different genetic backgrounds show that MAIT cell development is a stepwise process, with an intra-thymic selection followed by peripheral expansion. Mouse MAIT cells are selected in an MR1-dependent manner both in fetal thymic organ culture and in double iTCRα and TCRÎČ transgenic RAG knockout mice. In the latter mice, MAIT cells do not expand in the periphery unless B cells are added back by adoptive transfer, showing that B cells are not required for the initial thymic selection step but for the peripheral accumulation. In humans, contrary to natural killer T (NKT) cells, MAIT cells display a naĂŻve phenotype in the thymus as well as in cord blood where they are in low numbers. After birth, MAIT cells acquire a memory phenotype and expand dramatically, up to 1%–4% of blood T cells. Finally, in contrast with NKT cells, human MAIT cell development is independent of the molecular adaptor SAP. Interestingly, mouse MAIT cells display a naĂŻve phenotype and do not express the ZBTB16 transcription factor, which, in contrast, is expressed by NKT cells and the memory human MAIT cells found in the periphery after birth. In conclusion, MAIT cells are selected by MR1 in the thymus on a non-B non-T hematopoietic cell, and acquire a memory phenotype and expand in the periphery in a process dependent both upon B cells and the bacterial flora. Thus, their development follows a unique pattern at the crossroad of NKT and γΎ T cells

    À propos de quelques questions Ă©thiques soulevĂ©es par la maladie d'Alzheimer

    No full text
    International audienceCet article aborde deux problĂšmes Ă©thiques qui se posent de maniĂšre rĂ©currente dans la prise en charge de la maladie d'Alzheimer et des troubles apparentĂ©s : la question de l'information diagnostique des malades et la question du respect de leur autonomie (ou de leur libertĂ©). La premiĂšre partie propose d'abord une analyse de la littĂ©rature consacrĂ©e Ă  l'information diagnostique. Elle s'efforce de comprendre pourquoi le problĂšme est aussi difficile avant d'exposer des pistes de rĂ©flexion et d'action. Au final, les auteurs suggĂšrent qu'il faudrait permettre aux patients de dĂ©signer, eux-mĂȘmes, les personnes qui doivent recevoir les informations concernant leur Ă©tat de santĂ©. Ils se demandent Ă©galement s'il est cohĂ©rent de communiquer le diagnostic sans aborder la question de ses consĂ©quences prĂ©visibles. La deuxiĂšme partie commence par un inventaire raisonnĂ© des difficultĂ©s que l'on rencontre quand on se propose de respecter l'autonomie des malades d'Alzheimer. Elle expose ensuite les intĂ©rĂȘts et les limites des solutions actuellement mises en oeuvre pour surmonter ces difficultĂ©s. Dans un troisiĂšme temps, les auteurs examinent les positions de deux philosophes contemporains (Dworkin et Jaworska) sur la question de savoir dans quelle mesure la maladie d'Alzheimer affecte la capacitĂ© pour l'autonomie

    Alzheimer : respect de l'autonomie

    No full text
    Parler de respect de l'autonomie dans la maladie d'Alzheimer (MA) peut sembler paradoxal : les personnes qui en sont atteintes paraissent souvent se dĂ©sintĂ©resser des choix qu'on leur propose et quand des prĂ©fĂ©rences sont exprimĂ©es il arrive frĂ©quemment qu'elles soient changeantes ou difficiles Ă  Ă©tablir. En raison des troubles du discernement et du jugement, on peut de plus s'interroger sur la qualitĂ© du consentement qui est donnĂ© et il n'est pas rare que les prĂ©fĂ©rences exprimĂ©es par les personnes semblent aller contre leurs intĂ©rĂȘts, contre les valeurs sur lesquelles elles ont construit leur vie, ou contre les intĂ©rĂȘts des tiers. Enfin, ces personnes sont particuliĂšrement fragiles et vulnĂ©rables. Pour toutes ces raisons, chercher un consentement libre et Ă©clairĂ© paraĂźt - dans la MA - non seulement vain mais peu lĂ©gitime

    Démence, autonomie et compétence

    No full text
    Cet article aborde, Ă  partir d’exemples concrets, la question du respect de l’autonomie des personnes ĂągĂ©es dĂ©mentes. Les positions de Paul Appelbaum, Ronald Dworkin et Agnieszka Jaworska sont exposĂ©es dans un premier temps. On montre qu’elles aboutissent Ă  des dĂ©finitions diffĂ©rentes de l’autonomie et Ă  des critĂšres diffĂ©rents de la compĂ©tence. Dans un deuxiĂšme temps, les auteurs soutiennent que, loin d’ĂȘtre concurrentes ou contradictoires, les analyses d’Appelbaum, Dworkin et Jaworska peuvent aider Ă  rĂ©soudre des problĂšmes diffĂ©rents. Il est Ă©galement suggĂ©rĂ© que ces analyses reposent sur un mĂȘme paradigme, celui du consentement aux soins et Ă  la recherche, et qu’il faut peut-ĂȘtre les remanier quelque peu pour problĂ©matiser correctement les dilemmes Ă©thiques qui se posent au quotidien. La lĂ©gitimitĂ© de la distinction entre autonomie dĂ©cisionnelle et autonomie exĂ©cutionnelle est questionnĂ©e. L’interdĂ©pendance des personnes ĂągĂ©es dĂ©mentes et de leur entourage est soulignĂ©e. L’articulation entre les notions d’autonomie et de dignitĂ© est discutĂ©e

    Démence, autonomie et compétence

    No full text

    Short- and long-term dynamics of the toxic potential and genotypic structure in benthic populations of Microcystis.

    No full text
    International audienceMicrocystis colonies are known to overwinter on the surface of the sediment of freshwater ecosystems. However, little is known about the genotypic and toxicological dynamics of Microcystis populations during this benthic life stage. In this study, we report a two-year-long survey of benthic populations of Microcystis, which had spent from a few days to more than six years in the sediment. In order to avoid any interaction with the planktonic proliferations, we chose two deeply buried benthic populations, which could be easily dated. Quantitative PCR on mcyB gene and protein phosphatase inhibition assays were performed to measure their toxic potential, and their genotypic structure was assessed by Capillary Electrophoresis-Single Strand Conformation Polymorphism (CE-SSCP), based on 16S-23S Intergenic Transcribed Spacer (ITS). The microcystin content of the cells seemed to change sharply during the first few months of benthic survival, whereas this content was low and decreased steadily after several years of benthic life. No genetic selection was observed in either the proportion of potentially toxic clones or the ITS sequences for any of the populations considered. From these results, the benthic life stage of Microcystis appears to preserve the structure and the composition of the population over a far larger time scale than classical overwintering period. Finally, some genotypes were common in both of the benthic populations, even though they originated from planktonic blooms that had developed five years apart, suggesting a major overlap of planktonic proliferations in successive years

    Hepatitis E Virus Quasispecies in Cerebrospinal Fluid with Neurological Manifestations

    No full text
    International audienceHepatitis E virus (HEV) infection can lead to a variety of neurological disorders. While HEV RNA is known to be present in the central nervous system, HEV quasispecies in serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) have rarely been explored. We studied the virus’ quasispecies in the blood and the CSF of five patients at the onset of their neurological symptoms. The samples of three patients suffering from meningitis, neuralgic amyotrophy and acute inflammatory polyradiculoneuropathy were taken at the acute phase of the HEV infection. The samples from the other two patients were taken during the chronic phase (5 years after HEV diagnosis) when they presented with clinical signs of encephalitis. We sequenced at least 20 randomly polyproline regions of the selected virus clones. Phylogenetic analysis of the virus variants in the blood and the CSF revealed no virus compartmentalization for the three acute-phase patients but there was clear evidence of HEV quasispecies compartmentalization in the CSF of the two patients during chronic infection. In conclusion, prolonged infection in the immunocompromised condition can lead to independent virus replication in the liver and the tissues, producing viruses in CSF
    • 

    corecore