Dubbelt statsborgarskap : "Ett hot mot det norska fellesskapet och en realitet i det pragmatiska Sverige"

Syftet med den här uppsatsen är att försöka ge en förklaring till att Sverige och Norge, två lika grannländer som under drygt hundra år samarbetet om statsborgerlig lagstiftning, under tidigt 2000-tal gick i helt olika riktning i relation till acceptans av dubbelt statsborgarskap. De statsborgerliga lagarna som utvecklades i skandinaviskt samarbete byggde bland annat på att dubbelt statsborgarskap borde undvikas. Sverige gjorde 2001 bedömningen att den internationella trenden av mer acceptans och den ökande globaliseringen gjort att den tidigare principen borde överges och dubbelt statsborgarskap kunde accepteras. Norge gjorde helt motsatt värdering och valde att vidareföra den tidigare principen om ett statsborgarskap också i ny lag. Argumentation för och emot dubbelt statsborgarskap i de offentliga dokument som producerades inom beslutsprocesserna har studerats idénalytiskt. Processen har belysts med hjälp av tre teoretiska perspektiv som alla fokuserade på olika faktorer. Det teoretiska perspektivet ”samhällsinkludering”, som främst bygger på Faists (2007) forskning, visade att kollektivets behov var en viktig faktor i Norge, medans individernas rättigheter var utgångspunkten i Sverige. I Norge uppfattades statsborgarskapet som om det hade fasta gränser och identitet ansågs kunna vara norsk, eller t.ex. svensk, men inte båda två samtidigt. Det svenska statsborgarskapet beskrevs som om det hade porösa gränser där identiteter och lojaliteter ansågs kunna vara överlappande. Perspektivet ”nationsförståelse”, grundat i Brubakers (1992) forskning, visade att historiska aspekter var viktiga för utfallet. Bland annat identifierades förhållandet mellan statsborgarskap och medborgarskap som en viktig faktor för acceptans av dubbelt statsborgarskap. Den stabilitet som Brubaker identifierat i statsborgerlig lagstiftning användes som ett argument i den norska processen. Det tredje perspektivet ”politisk struktur och aktörer”, som utgick från Faists (2007) och Howards (2006) forskning, visade att den svenska processen var mer pragmatisk och konsensuspräglad än den norska. Att Norge hade ett stort högerpopulistiskt parti i parlamentet kan ha påverkat både den politiska strukturen och andra aktörer. Då de tre perspektiven analyserades i kombination visade det sig att nationsförståelseperspektivet påverkar de skillnader mellan länderna som de andra perspektiven identifierar. Resultatet av studien kan sammanfattas med att Sverige valde att acceptera dubbelt statsborgarskap medan Norge inte ville acceptera dubbelt medborgarskap

Transplantation och donation av vävnader - sex år med nya lagen. Erfarenheter från vävnadsbanken i Lund

Tissue transplantation is more common than organ transplantation. Legislative changes in 1996 transformed tissue banking and conditions for tissue transplantation in Sweden. After an initial decrease in donated tissue, heart valves are now available in sufficient numbers, but there is sometimes a shortage of valves the right size for pediatric cardiac surgery. Since the new transplantation legislation was implemented there has been an increase in the number of valves from neonatal donation and after sudden infant death. The number of donated corneas does not correspond to the number required for transplantation. A number of tissue coordinators have been established throughout the country and recently some new tissue banks were founded to increase the amount of tissue available for transplantation. The organization of the tissue bank in Lund is described. There is a lack of knowledge about tissue transplantation and donation among health professionals as well as the general public, and more education is warranted

Climate impact from diet in relation to background and sociodemographic characteristics in the Västerbotten Intervention Programme

Objective:The objective of this study was to examine climate impact from diet across background and sociodemographic characteristics in a population-based cohort in northern Sweden.Design:A cross-sectional study within the Västerbotten Intervention Programme. Dietary data from a 64-item food frequency questionnaire collected during 1996-2016 were used. Energy-adjusted greenhouse gas emissions (GHGE) for all participants, expressed as kg carbon dioxide equivalents/day and 4184 kJ (1000 kcal), were estimated using data from life cycle analyses. Differences in background and sociodemographic characteristics were examined between participants with low and high GHGE from diet, respectively. The variables evaluated were age, BMI, physical activity, marital status, level of education, smoking, and residence.Setting:Västerbotten county in northern Sweden.Participants:In total, 46 893 women and 45 766 men aged 29-65 years.Results:Differences in GHGE from diet were found across the majority of examined variables. The strongest associations were found between GHGE from diet and age, BMI, education, and residence (all P < 0·001), with the highest GHGE from diet found among women and men who were younger, had a higher BMI, higher educational level, and lived in urban areas.Conclusions:This study is one of the first to examine climate impact from diet across background and sociodemographic characteristics. The results show that climate impact from diet is associated with age, BMI, residence and educational level amongst men and women in Västerbotten, Sweden. These results define potential target populations where public health interventions addressing a move towards more climate-friendly food choices and reduced climate impact from diet could be most effective.

Does German Cultural Studies Need the Nation-State Model?

The nation‐state model has long been the basis for the institutional structure in place to teach languages, literatures, and culture at American universities and elsewhere. Nationalism was in fact formative for the establishment of the discipline of German literary and cultural studies itself—and not something brought into its disciplinary history from the outside, as Jakob Norberg, building on earlier research (see for instance Costabile‐Heming/Halverson; Hohendahl, German Studies; Denham/Kacandes/Petropoulos, and McCarthy/Schneider), in a recent issue of the German Quarterly has shown (“German Literary Studies and the Nation.” GQ 91.1, 2018, pp. 1–17). Over the past few decades, this history linking our profession to the nation‐state model has often been questioned by those teaching German literature and culture, while the status of German in general was institutionally quite secure and there was little reason to think about structural changes. This, however, has changed. Not only do fewer students in the United States and across the globe opt to major in German; administrators at many institutions increasingly prefer language, literature, and culture departments to be part of larger structures, thus (implicitly or explicitly) also questioning the value of the nation‐state model that so long has been part of our disciplinary history. In addition, scholars themselves in their teaching and research increasingly choose to emphasize the many global contexts of German literature and culture as meaningful for the study of German itself