Evolution of precipitates, in particular cruciform and cuboid particles, during simulated direct charging of thin slab cast vanadium microalloyed steels

A study has been undertaken of four vanadium based steels which have been processed by a simulated direct charging route using processing parameters typical of thin slab casting, where the cast product has a thickness of 50 to 80mm ( in this study 50 mm) and is fed directly to a furnace to equalise the microstructure prior to rolling. In the direct charging process, cooling rates are faster, equalisation times shorter and the amount of deformation introduced during rolling less than in conventional practice. Samples in this study were quenched after casting, after equalisation, after 4th rolling pass and after coiling, to follow the evolution of microstructure. The mechanical and toughness properties and the microstructural features might be expected to differ from equivalent steels, which have undergone conventional processing. The four low carbon steels (~0.06wt%) which were studied contained 0.1wt%V (V-N), 0.1wt%V and 0.010wt%Ti (V-Ti), 0.1wt%V and 0.03wt%Nb (V-Nb), and 0.1wt%V, 0.03wt%Nb and 0.007wt%Ti (V-Nb-Ti). Steels V-N and V-Ti contained around 0.02wt% N, while the other two contained about 0.01wt%N. The as-cast steels were heated at three equalising temperatures of 1050C, 1100C or 1200C and held for 30-60 minutes prior to rolling. Optical microscopy and analytical electron microscopy, including parallel electron energy loss spectroscopy (PEELS), were used to characterise the precipitates. In the as-cast condition, dendrites and plates were found. Cuboid particles were seen at this stage in Steel V-Ti, but they appeared only in the other steels after equalization. In addition, in the final product of all the steels, fine particles were seen, but it was only in the two titanium steels that cruciform precipitates were present. PEELS analysis showed that the dendrites, plates, cuboids, cruciforms and fine precipitates were essentially nitrides. The two Ti steels had better toughness than the other steels but inferior lower yield stress values. This was thought to be, in part, due to the formation of cruciform precipitates in austenite, thereby removing nitrogen and the microalloying elements which would have been expected to precipitate in ferrite as dispersion hardening particles

Partial Cross-Sections And Photoelectron Angular-Distributions In The Region Of The 4S- 5P And 5S- 6P Resonances In Krypton And Xenon

Using synchrotron radiation and photoelectron spectrometry, we have examined the 4s4p (6)5p resonance region in krypton and the 5s5p (6)6p resonance region in xenon. We have obtained partial and total cross sections, intensity ratios, and photoelectron angular distribution parameters for the energy regions 20.6-21.5 eV in xenon and 24.6-25.3 eV in krypton. We also report Shore parameters for all cross-section data taken. In addition to the anticipated single-electron transition, we clearly resolve features attributable to two-electron transitions in both species. Characteristics of these autoionizing states may differ considerably in the two available exit channels

Offenders' Crime Narratives across Different Types of Crimes

The current study explores the roles offenders see themselves playing during an offence and their relationship to different crime types. One hundred and twenty incarcerated offenders indicated the narrative roles they acted out whilst committing a specific crime they remembered well. The data were subjected to Smallest Space Analysis (SSA) and four themes were identified: Hero, Professional, Revenger and Victim in line with the recent theoretical framework posited for Narrative Offence Roles (Youngs & Canter, 2012). Further analysis showed that different subsets of crimes were more like to be associated with different narrative offence roles. Hero and Professional were found to be associated with property offences (theft, burglary and shoplifting), drug offences and robbery and Revenger and Victim were found to be associated with violence, sexual offences and murder. The theoretical implications for understanding crime on the basis of offenders' narrative roles as well as practical implications are discussed

Magneto-optical Trapping of Cadmium

We report the laser-cooling and confinement of Cd atoms in a magneto-optical trap, and characterize the loading process from the background Cd vapor. The trapping laser drives the 1S0-1P1 transition at 229 nm in this two-electron atom and also photoionizes atoms directly from the 1P1 state. This photoionization overwhelms the other loss mechanisms and allows a direct measurement of the photoionization cross section, which we measure to be 2(1)x10^(-16)cm^(2) from the 1P1 state. When combined with nearby laser-cooled and trapped Cd^(+) ions, this apparatus could facilitate studies in ultracold interactions between atoms and ions.Comment: 8 pages, 11 figure

Reconstitution of the complete pathway of ITS2 processing at the pre-ribosome

Removal of internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) from pre-ribosomal RNA is essential to make functional ribosomes. This complicated processing reaction begins with a single endonucleolytic cleavage followed by exonucleolytic trimming at both new cleavage sites to generate mature 5.8S and 25S rRNA. We reconstituted the 7S -> 5.8S processing branch within ITS2 using purified exosome and its nuclear cofactors. We find that both Rrp44's ribonuclease activities are required for initial RNA shortening followed by hand over to the exonuclease Rrp6. During the in vitro reaction, ITS2-associated factors dissociate and the underlying 'foot' structure of the pre-60S particle is dismantled. 7S pre-rRNA processing is independent of 5S RNP rotation, but 26S -> 25S trimming is a precondition for subsequent 7S -> 5.8S processing. To complete the in vitro assay, we reconstituted the entire cycle of ITS2 removal with a total of 18 purified factors, catalysed by the integrated activities of the two participating RNA-processing machines, the Las1 complex and nuclear exosome

History-sensitive versus future-sensitive approaches to security in distributed systems

We consider the use of aspect-oriented techniques as a flexible way to deal with security policies in distributed systems. Recent work suggests to use aspects for analysing the future behaviour of programs and to make access control decisions based on this; this gives the flavour of dealing with information flow rather than mere access control. We show in this paper that it is beneficial to augment this approach with history-based components as is the traditional approach in reference monitor-based approaches to mandatory access control. Our developments are performed in an aspect-oriented coordination language aiming to describe the Bell-LaPadula policy as elegantly as possible. Furthermore, the resulting language has the capability of combining both history- and future-sensitive policies, providing even more flexibility and power.Comment: In Proceedings ICE 2010, arXiv:1010.530

RAÇÃO FARELADA COM DIFERENTES GRANULOMETRIAS EM FRANGOS DE CORTE

Em geral, o diâmetro geométrico médio (DGM) das partículas das rações não tem afetado o desempenho de frangos de corte, em situações experimentais. Por meio deste, objetivou-se verificar se o mesmo ocorre em criações comerciais e, também, avaliar possíveis benefícios econômicos do uso da ração com maior DGM. Para isso, o presente trabalho buscou avaliar o desempenho zootécnico em frangos de corte da linhagem ROSS, do 1º ao 42º dia de idade, arraçoados com diferentes granulometrias. O experimento foi conduzido nos meses de agosto e setembro de 1998, no aviário experimental da Cooperativa Agrícola Consolata Ltda. Em delineamento em blocos casualizados, foram testados os DGMs: 0,833, 0,703 e 1,058 mm, na fase pré-inicial; 0,829, 0,703 e 1,086 mm, na fase inicial, e; 0,818, 0,649 e 0,912 mm, na fase de crescimento. O DGM dos tratamentos apresentou influência (P < 0,05) sobre o consumo de ração de pintainhos na fase pré-inicial, sendo observadas poucas modificações (P > 0,05) no desempenho das outras fases de criação e na mortalidade das aves. Entretanto, a lucratividade inerente aos tratamentos, pode ser aumentada em até 2,78%, em função da diminuição da moagem e/ou aumento do DGM. Use of mashed rations with different particle sizes for broilers Abstract In general, the average geometric diameter (AGD) of ration has not affected broilers performance in experimental situations. The objective of this experiment was to investigate if such statement is true also for commercial farms and to evaluate the possible economic benefits of using larger ration particle sizes. For that, in the present work, ROSS broilers had theis performance estimated, from the 1st up to the 42nd day of age, fed with rations of different particle sizes. The experiment was developed during August and September of 1998, in the experimental aviary from Cooperativa Agrícola Consolata Ltda. Statistical design was of random blocks and treatment were (AGD's): 0.833, 0.703 and 1.058 mm, in the pre-initial phase; 0.829, 0.703 and 1.086 mm, in the initial phase, and; 0.818, 0.649 and 0.912 mm, in the growth phase. Treatments AGDs treatment showed influence (P < 0.05) on the consumption of chick ration in the pre-initial phase. Few modifications were observed (P > 0.05) in the acting of the other feeding phases and in the mortality of the birds. However, the gross margin related to treatments can be increased up to 2.78%, as a result of the decrease of the grinding and/or AGDs increase

Forecasts and assimilation experiments of the Antarctic ozone hole 2008

The 2008 Antarctic ozone hole was one of the largest and most long-lived in recent years. Predictions of the ozone hole were made in near-real time (NRT) and hindcast mode with the Integrated Forecast System (IFS) of the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF). The forecasts were carried out both with and without assimilation of satellite observations from multiple instruments to provide more realistic initial conditions. Three different chemistry schemes were applied for the description of stratospheric ozone chemistry: (i) a linearization of the ozone chemistry, (ii) the stratospheric chemical mechanism of the Model of Ozone and Related Chemical Tracers, version 3, (MOZART-3) and (iii) the relaxation to climatology as implemented in the Transport Model, version 5, (TM5). The IFS uses the latter two schemes by means of a two-way coupled system. Without assimilation, the forecasts showed model-specific shortcomings in predicting start time, extent and duration of the ozone hole. The assimilation of satellite observations from the Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS), the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI), the Solar Backscattering Ultraviolet radiometer (SBUV-2) and the SCanning Imaging Absorption spectroMeter for Atmospheric CartograpHY (SCIAMACHY) led to a significant improvement of the forecasts when compared with total columns and vertical profiles from ozone sondes. The combined assimilation of observations from multiple instruments helped to overcome limitations of the ultraviolet (UV) sensors at low solar elevation over Antarctica. The assimilation of data from MLS was crucial to obtain a good agreement with the observed ozone profiles both in the polar stratosphere and troposphere. The ozone analyses by the three model configurations were very similar despite the different underlying chemistry schemes. Using ozone analyses as initial conditions had a very beneficial but variable effect on the predictability of the ozone hole over 15 days. The initialized forecasts with the MOZART-3 chemistry produced the best predictions of the increasing ozone hole whereas the linear scheme showed the best results during the ozonehole closure

Calculating the cost of work-related stress and psychosocial risks

Work-related stress is expensive. Tackling stress and psychosocial risks can be viewed as too costly, but the reality is that it costs more to ignore them. Stress affects performance and leads to absence from work. If prolonged it may result in serious health problems such as cardiovascular or musculoskeletal diseases. All this comes at a cost. This report summarises the studies focusing on calculating costs of work-related stress and psychosocial risks. The main costs for individuals relate to health impairment, lower income and reduced quality of life. Organisations are affected by costs related to absenteeism, presenteeism, reduced productivity or high staff turnover. Health care costs and poorer business outcomes ultimately affect national economies and society

Standard survey methods for estimating colony losses and explanatory risk factors in Apis mellifera

This chapter addresses survey methodology and questionnaire design for the collection of data pertaining to estimation of honey bee colony loss rates and identification of risk factors for colony loss. Sources of error in surveys are described. Advantages and disadvantages of different random and non-random sampling strategies and different modes of data collection are presented to enable the researcher to make an informed choice. We discuss survey and questionnaire methodology in some detail, for the purpose of raising awareness of issues to be considered during the survey design stage in order to minimise error and bias in the results. Aspects of survey design are illustrated using surveys in Scotland. Part of a standardized questionnaire is given as a further example, developed by the COLOSS working group for Monitoring and Diagnosis. Approaches to data analysis are described, focussing on estimation of loss rates. Dutch monitoring data from 2012 were used for an example of a statistical analysis with the public domain R software. We demonstrate the estimation of the overall proportion of losses and corresponding confidence interval using a quasi-binomial model to account for extra-binomial variation. We also illustrate generalized linear model fitting when incorporating a single risk factor, and derivation of relevant confidence intervals