Probing the quantum-gravity realm with slow atoms

For the study of Planck-scale modifications of the energy-momentum dispersion relation, which had been previously focused on the implications for ultrarelativistic (ultrafast) particles, we consider the possible role of experiments involving nonrelativistic particles, and particularly atoms. We extend a recent result establishing that measurements of "atom-recoil frequency" can provide insight that is valuable for some theoretical models. And from a broader perspective we analyze the complementarity of the nonrelativistic and the ultrarelativistic regimes in this research area.Comment: LaTex, 13 page

Surveillance of Candida spp Bloodstream Infections: Epidemiological Trends and Risk Factors of Death in Two Mexican Tertiary Care Hospitals

Introduction: Larger populations at risk, broader use of antibiotics and longer hospital stays have impacted on the incidence of Candida sp. bloodstream infections (CBSI).Objective: To determine clinical and epidemiologic characteristics of patients with CBSI in two tertiary care reference medical institutions in Mexico City.Design: Prospective and observational laboratory-based surveillance study conducted from 07/2008 to 06/2010.Methods: All patients with CBSI were included. Identification and antifungal susceptibility were performed using CLSI M27-A3 standard procedures. Frequencies, Mann-Whitney U test or T test were used as needed. Risk factors were determined with multivariable analysis and binary logistic regression analysis.Results: CBSI represented 3.8% of nosocomial bloodstream infections. Cumulative incidence was 2.8 per 1000 discharges (incidence rate: 0.38 per 1000 patient-days). C. albicans was the predominant species (46%), followed by C. tropicalis (26%). C. glabrata was isolated from patients with diabetes (50%), and elderly patients. Sixty-four patients (86%) received antifungals. Amphotericin-B deoxycholate (AmBD) was the most commonly used agent (66%). Overall mortality rate reached 46%, and risk factors for death were APACHE II score >= 16 (OR = 6.94, CI95% = 2.34-20.58, p<0.0001), and liver disease (OR = 186.11, CI95% = 7.61-4550.20, p = 0.001). Full susceptibility to fluconazole, AmBD and echinocandins among C. albicans, C. tropicalis, and C. parapsilosis was observed.Conclusions: the cumulative incidence rate in these centers was higher than other reports from tertiary care hospitals from Latin America. Knowledge of local epidemiologic patterns permits the design of more specific strategies for prevention and preemptive therapy of CBSI.Pfizer Inc.Salvador Zubiran Natl Inst Med Sci & Nutr, Dept Med, Mexico City, DF, MexicoHosp Escuela Tegucigalpa, Tegucigalpa, HondurasUniversidade Federal de São Paulo, Escola Paulista Med, Div Infect Dis, São Paulo, BrazilNatl Canc Inst, Div Infect Dis, Mexico City, DF, MexicoUniv Nacl Colombia, Dept Internal Med, Bogota, ColombiaUniv Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Dept Med, Lima, PeruHosp Vargas Caracas, Caracas, VenezuelaCtr Med Caracas, Caracas, VenezuelaUniv Fed Rio de Janeiro, Univ Hosp, Rio de Janeiro, BrazilUniv Texas Med Sch Houston, Mem Hermann Texas Med Ctr, Dept Med, Houston, TX USAUniv Fed Parana, Hosp Clin, BR-80060000 Curitiba, Parana, BrazilUniv Chile, Fac Med, Hosp Luis Calvo Mackenna, Dept Pediat, Santiago 7, ChileUniv Desarrollo, Clin Alemana, Dept Med, Santiago, ChileHosp Clin Jose San Martin, Infect Dis Unit, Buenos Aires, DF, ArgentinaPontificia Univ Catolica Ecuador, Fac Med, Hosp Vozandes, Quito, EcuadorUniversidade Federal de São Paulo, Escola Paulista Med, Div Infect Dis, São Paulo, BrazilPfizer Inc.: INF-168Web of Scienc

Effect of cholecystectomy on hepatic fat accumulation and insulin resistance in non-obese Hispanic patients: a pilot study

Abstract Background Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is highly prevalent worldwide. Experimental studies have shown that cholecystectomy (XGB) increases hepatic fat content in mice and appears associated to NAFLD in large retrospective population-based studies. The aim of this study was to prospectively assess the effects of XGB on hepatic fat content (HFC) and insulin resistance (IR) in non-obese, middle aged Hispanic subjects. Methods Twenty-six gallstone patients undergoing elective XGB and 16 control subjects with normal livers and gallbladders at ultrasonography were prospectively followed 24 months for changes in HFC and IR. Clinical, biochemical determinations and hepatic imaging were performed at baseline and 24 months after surgery. MRI technique quantified HFC in four hepatic segments. IR was assessed by the Homeostasis Model Assessment (HOMA-IR) index. Results Initial body mass index (BMI) was 25.6 ± 0.4 and 24.3 ± 1.0 in the control and XGB groups of subjects, respectively. Serum insulin level increased from 8.1 ± 0.7 to 10.0 ± 1.9 (μU/ml) 24 months after surgery in XGB patients (p  0.04) and right anterior hepatic lobe (from 5.8 ± 0.2% to 6.6 ± 0.3%, p < 0.02). The average HFC of the four hepatic segments studied slightly increased from 5.4 ± 0.2 to 5.8 ± 0.3 2 years after XGB (p < 0.03). No significant changes were found in HFC in the control subjects at the end of the study. Conclusions Elective XGB increases HFC, HOMA-IR index and serum apoB concentration. These results support the notion that XGB is a risk factor non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and other IR – associated disease conditions

Control inicial en la descarga de aguas residuales industriales y comerciales

Resumen: En este trabajo se da difusión a la estrategia para el control inicial de descargas de aguas residuales de procesos industriales. Al inicio, se sugiere efectuar un censo de los comercios e industrias existentes. Luego, se recomienda cómo determinar los contaminantes descargados por actividad. Enseguida, se menciona el método para la identificación de las fuentes contaminantes. Finalmente, se indican las recomendaciones de pretratamiento, y las acciones para prevenir la contaminación.Abstract: In this work, publicity is given to the initial control strategy for wastewater discharges form industrial processes. At first, it is suggested to conduct a census of existing businesses and industries. Then, it is recommended to identify the pollutants discharged by activity. Next, the method form identifying sources of pollutions is mentioned. Finally, recommendations for pre-treatment and actions to prevent pollution are pointed ou

Metabolic effects of cholecystectomy: gallbladder ablation increases basal metabolic rate through G-protein coupled bile acid receptor Gpbar1-dependent mechanisms in mice.

Bile acids (BAs) regulate energy expenditure by activating G-protein Coupled Bile Acid Receptor Gpbar1/TGR5 by cAMP-dependent mechanisms. Cholecystectomy (XGB) increases BAs recirculation rates resulting in increased tissue exposure to BAs during the light phase of the diurnal cycle in mice. We aimed to determine: 1) the effects of XGB on basal metabolic rate (BMR) and 2) the roles of TGR5 on XGB-dependent changes in BMR.BMR was determined by indirect calorimetry in wild type and Tgr5 deficient (Tgr5-/-) male mice. Bile flow and BAs secretion rates were measured by surgical diversion of biliary duct. Biliary BAs and cholesterol were quantified by enzymatic methods. BAs serum concentration and specific composition was determined by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. Gene expression was determined by qPCR analysis.XGB increased biliary BAs and cholesterol secretion rates, and elevated serum BAs concentration in wild type and Tgr5-/- mice during the light phase of the diurnal cycle. BMR was ~25% higher in cholecystectomized wild type mice (p <0.02), whereas no changes were detected in cholecystectomized Tgr5-/- mice compared to wild-type animals.XGB increases BMR by TGR5-dependent mechanisms in mice

Equinococosis/hidatidosis en la VII Región de Chile: diagnóstico e intervención educativa

El presente estudio se proyectó para un trabajo simultáneo en tres ámbitos: a) diagnóstico serológico y radiológico y tratamiento quirúrgico de la hidatidosis en la población humana asintomática; b) diagnóstico animal y tratamiento de los perros, y c) evaluación de conocimientos e intervención educativa en familias campesinas y en profesionales y técnicos en salud, agropecuaria y educación, con el fin de contribuir al control del ciclo de transmisión de la enfermedad. Se efectuaron pruebas de hemaglutinación indirecta y ELISA a 5 566 personas aparentemente sanas. Los 42 (0,8%) casos con resultados positivos en ambas pruebas (seroprevalencia de 754,6 por 100 000) fueron citados para ser sometidos a una ecografía hepática y una radiografía de tórax y, de los 26 que acudieron, 16 presentaron imágenes compatibles con quiste hidatídico. Estos 16 casos fueron enviados al hospital para ser intervenidos y en los 9 que acudieron se confirmó el diagnóstico quirúrgicamente, lo cual representa una prevalencia de 161,7 por 100 000. En 2 358 perros se procedió a la detección de la forma estrobilar de Echinococcus granulosus mediante purga con bromhidrato de arecolina y se obtuvieron resultados positivos en 11%. Los datos oficiales registrados en los mataderos revelaron la presencia de quistes hidatídicos en 13% de los bovinos, 4,4% de los ovinos y 4,2% de los porcinos sacrificados en la región. El programa educativo comprendió una evaluación de conocimientos mediante una encuesta al cabeza de familia, la intervención educativa entre las familias por un proceso participatorio activo no formal de carácter lúdico en el que participaron 1 082 familias, y la intervención educativa entre profesionales y técnicos mediante metodología a distancia y presencial. Para evaluar los resultados del programa se compararon los resultados de las pruebas de conocimientos antes y después de la intervención educativa en 200 familias que participaron en ella (casos) y en 95 que no participaron (controles). Del análisis de los conocimientos sobre equinococosis/hidatidosis, 783 familias (55%) demostraron no saber nada sobre la infección. Se observó que las técnicas participatorias lúdicas se adaptan a la forma de ser del campesino y permiten obtener cambios. Se capacitaron 276 profesionales de la salud, 201 auxiliares técnicos y 453 profesores rurales. Entre los equipos de atención primaria rural, el programa tuvo una cobertura de 100%

<i>Ex vivo</i> palmitate oxidation in brown adipose (BAT), liver and skeletal muscle tissue in cholecystectomized mice.

<p>Values correspond to the mean ± SD (nmol/mg of wet tissue/h) of 3 animals per group. Tissue samples were harvested and processed as described in “Methods”. Data correspond to total plamitate oxidation rate. No significant differences were found between groups.</p><p>* BAT, brown adipose tissue.</p><p><i>Ex vivo</i> palmitate oxidation in brown adipose (BAT), liver and skeletal muscle tissue in cholecystectomized mice.</p