Transmission of Major Arboviruses in Brazil: The Role of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus Vectors

Arthropod‐borne viruses (arboviruses) are transmitted to a mammalian host by an infected arthropod vector. More than 130 types of arboviruses are known to cause disease in susceptible vertebrate hosts and are responsible for some of the most explosive epidemics of emerging infectious diseases in recent decades. The transmission cycle requires three essential components: virus, vector and vertebrate. Understanding the role of the vector in the arboviruses transmission is critical to improve emerging arbovirus disease control strategies. Since 2015, Brazil is faced with the challenge of three co-circulating arboviruses of major public health importance. Dengue virus (DENV) infection has been a public health for 30 years, which has suffered several epidemics caused by all four serotypes. The emergence of Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) and Zika virus (ZIKV) in Brazil poses new challenges to clinicians and public health authorities. In urban and suburban areas, those arboviruses are transmitted between people by Aedes mosquitoes in the subgenus Stegomyia, especially Ae. aegypti (the main vector) and potentially Ae. albopictus. Factors relating to the environment and the vector‐virus interactions can influence the dynamics of arboviruses transmission. This chapter describes the main biology aspects of the Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus that can influence the success of the transmission of main arboviruses in Brazil and provide information to understand the role of those factors in this dynamic relation

Implantação da lista de verificação de cirurgia segura: revisão integrativa

The aim of this article was to discuss aspects related to the implementation of the safe surgery list and describe strategies that contributed to the implementation of this tool. This is an integrative review with a qualitative approach. Data collection was performed through a systematic search of manuscripts in the Virtual Health Library. The search was conducted using the descriptors: checklist, patient safety and operating room, integrated by means of the Boolean operator AND. It is concluded that the checklist is a low-cost tool, and its application brings several benefits to health care, as it works as an instrument that conducts activities, favoring comprehensive and quality care.Objetivou-se com esse artigo discutir os aspectos relacionados à implantação da lista de cirurgia segura e descrever estratégias que contribuíram para a implementação dessa ferramenta. Trata-se de uma revisão integrativa de abordagem qualitativa. A coleta de dados foi realizada por meio de busca sistematizada de manuscritos na Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde. A busca foi conduzida a partir dos descritores: checklist, segurança do paciente e centro cirúrgico, integrados por meio do operador booleano AND. Conclui-se que o checklist é uma ferramenta de baixo custo e sua aplicação traz diversos benefícios para assistência à saúde, pois este funciona como instrumento condutor de atividades, favorecendo o cuidado integral e de qualidade

Análisis de estabilidad tridimensional de un talud urbano ubicado en João Monlevade, Brasil

Geotechnical stability analysis of slopes is an important tool for decision making in civil projects.  Use of three-dimensional software for analysis of soil slope stability has increased in recent years. Rocscience Inc. created Slide3 software in 2017. Slide3 is a software that allows geotechnical engineers to calculate the factor of safety of complex 3D slope stability geometries that 2D models cannot fully simulate. In this context, this paper presents a three-dimensional stability analysis of a slope located in an urban area at city of João Monlevade, Minas Gerais, Brazil. The slope was selected due to the instability history in rainfall periods. Topography of the area was provided by the city council. Young and mature residual soils were identified in the studied slope. Young residual soil was physically classified as clay without gravels and presents in natura values of cohesion and friction angle, equal to 32 KPa and 23.97º, respectively. Mature residual soil was physically classified as clayey silt without gravels and presents in natura values of cohesion and friction angle, equal to 19 KPa and 23.30º, respectively. The factor of safety of the soil slope was equal 0.977, considering the slope saturated. The factor of safety of the drained slope was equal to 1.415. Generalized limit equilibrium (GLE) method was used in this equilibrium-limit analysis.  The results stability analysis of the slope was coherent, once previous instability occurs in a period that was identified above average rainfall.Análise de estabilidade geotécnica é uma importante ferramenta de decisão em projetos de engenharia civil. O uso de análises tridimensionais de estabilidade cresceu nos últimos anos. Rocscience Inc. criou Slide3 em 2017. Slide3 é um programa computacional que permite que engenheiros geotécnicos calculem o fator de segurança em complexas geometrias tridimensionais que modelos bidimensionais não são capazes de simular de forma efetiva. Neste contexto, esse artigo apresenta uma análise de estabilidade tridimensional de um talude urbano localizado em João Monlevade no estado de Minas Gerais, Brasil. O talude foi selecionado devido ao histórico de instabilidade durante períodos chuvosos. A topografia do talude foi fornecida pela prefeitura da cidade. Solo residual jovem e solo residual maduro foram identificados no talude estudado. O solo residual jovem foi classificado como argila sem pedregulhos e apresentou in natura, valores de coesão e ângulo de atrito igual a 32 KPa e 23,97°, respectivamente. Solo residual maduro foi classificado silte argiloso sem pedregulhos e apresentou in natura, valores de coesão e ângulo de atrito igual a 19 KPa e 23,30°, respectivamente. O solo foi classificado como silte argiloso e apresentou valores de coesão e ângulo de atrito iguais a 0,19 KPa e 23,3°, respectivamente. O fator de segurança do talude saturado foi igual a 0,977 e do talude drenado foi igual a 1,415. O método de equilíbrio limite utilizado foi o método do Equilíbrio Generalizado (GLE). O resultado da análise de estabilidade do talude é coerente, uma vez que instabilidades previas ocorreram em período em que foi identificada precipitação acima da média.Análisis de estabilidad geotécnica es una herramienta de decisión importante en proyectos de ingeniería civil. El uso del análisis de estabilidad tridimensional ha crecido en los últimos años. Rocscience Inc. creó Slide3 en 2017. Slide3 es un software que permite a los ingenieros geotécnicos calcular el factor de seguridad en geometrías tridimensionales complejas que los modelos bidimensionales no pueden simular de manera efectiva. En este contexto, este artículo presenta un análisis de estabilidad tridimensional de un talud urbano ubicado en João Monlevade, Minas Gerais, Brasil. El talud fue seleccionado debido a la historia de inestabilidad durante los períodos de lluvia. La topografía del talud fue cedida por el ayuntamiento de la ciudad. Se identificaron suelo residual joven y suelo residual maduro en el talud estudiado. El suelo residual joven se clasificó físicamente como arcilla sin gravas y presentó valores in natura de cohesión y ángulo de fricción, igual a 32 KPa y 23.97°, respectivamente. El suelo residual maduro se clasificó físicamente como limo arcilloso sin gravas y presentó valores in natura de cohesión y ángulo de fricción, igual a 19 KPa y 23.30°, respectivamente. El factor de seguridad del talud saturado fue 0,977 y del talud drenado fue 1.415. El método de equilibrio límite utilizado fue el Método de Equilibrio Generalizado (GLE). El resultado del análisis de estabilidad del talud es consistente, ya que inestabilidades previas han ocurrido durante un período en el que se identificaron precipitaciones superiores al promedio

Avaliação dos testes rápidos para diagnóstico da dengue no Brasil

Introduction: The increasing number of dengue cases worldwide has stimulated the interest to develop products for the diagnosis of this disease in national and international markets. Objective: To evaluate the sensitivity and diagnostic specificity of immunochromatographic Rapid Tests (RT) for the detection of NS1 antigen (Ag), antibodies (Ab) IgG and IgM of dengue virus (DENV), and for the detection of combined AgNS1/AbIgG/IgM received from May 2016 to December 2018 at the National Institute for Quality Control in Health from Oswaldo Cruz Foundation for previous analysis and registration by the National Health Surveillance Agency (Anvisa) from Brazil. Method: The evaluation was performed using true positive and true negative samples for Ag NS1, Ab IgM and IgG to DENV, commercial performance panels and international standard of the National Institute for Biological Standards and Control/ World Health Organization (NIBSC/WHO). RT that presented sensitivity and/or specificity values higher than or equal to those stated by the manufacturers were considered satisfactory and those with lower values were unsatisfactory. Results: A total of 32 RT were evaluated, 23 (71.9%) were satisfactory for sensitivity and specificity, 9 (39.1%) for NS1, 11 (47.8%) for IgG/IgM and 3 (13.0%) for the combined detection NS1/IgG/IgM. From 9 RT considered unsatisfactory, 4 (44.4%) were for the detection of NS1; 2 (22.2%) for IgG/IgM and 3 (33.3%) for NS1/IgG/IgM. Unsatisfactory RT were not registered by Anvisa in Brazil. Conclusions: The previous analysis as foreseen in Brazilian regulation is important for the maintenance of RT quality offered to the national market.Introdução: O aumento do número de casos de dengue no mundo estimulou o desenvolvimento  e a disponibilização no mercado nacional e internacional de testes de execução rápida e simples para o diagnóstico da doença. Objetivo: Avaliar a sensibilidade e especificidade diagnóstica de Testes Rápidos (TR) imunocromatográficos para detecção de antígeno (Ag) NS1 e de anticorpos (Ac) das classes G (IgG) e M (IgM) e detecção combinada de Ag e Ac (NS1/ IgG/IgM) do vírus da dengue (DENV), encaminhados para análise prévia no INCQS/Fiocruz, no período de maio de 2016 a dezembro de 2018 para obtenção de registro junto à Anvisa do Brasil. Método: A sensibilidade  e a especificidade foram avaliadas frente a painéis de amostras verdadeiramente positivas e verdadeiramente negativas para Ag NS1, Ac IgM e IgG do DENV, painéis de desempenho e padrão internacional do National Institute for Biological Standards and Control/Organização Mundial da Saúde (NIBSC/OMS). Os TR que apresentaram valores de sensibilidade e especificidade superiores ou iguais aos declarados pelos fabricantes foram considerados satisfatórios e os com valores inferiores, insatisfatórios. Resultados: Do total de 32 TR  avaliados, 23 (71,9%) foram satisfatórios para sensibilidade e especificidade, destes, nove (39,1%), para NS1, 11 (47,8%) para IgG/IgM e três (13,0%), para os testes combinados NS1/IgG/IgM. Dos nove TR insatisfatórios, quatro (44,4%) foram para detecção de NS1; dois (22,2%), para IgG/IgM e três (33,3%), para NS1/IgG/IgM. Os TR considerados insatisfatórios não foram registrados no Brasil. Conclusões: A análise prévia como prevista na legislação brasileira é de grande importância para a manutenção  da qualidade dos TR ofertados ao mercado nacional

Dermal-Type Macrophages Expressing CD209/DC-SIGN Show Inherent Resistance to Dengue Virus Growth

Mosquito-transmitted pathogens are a major challenge to humans due to ever-increasing distribution of the vector worldwide. Dengue virus causes morbidity and mortality, and no anti-viral treatment or vaccine are currently available. The virus is injected into the skin when an infected mosquito probes for blood. Among the skin immunocytes, dendritic cells and macrophages are equipped with pathogen-sensing receptors. Our work has shown that dermal macrophages bind the dengue virus envelope protein. We demonstrate that monocyte-derived dermal macrophages are resistant to infection and present evidence that this is due to sequestration of the virus into fusion-incompetent intracellular vesicles. This identifies skin macrophages as the first innate immune cell potentially capable of protecting the human host from infection by dengue virus shortly after a mosquito bite. These findings have important implications for better understanding the early infection events of dengue virus and of other skin-penetrating pathogens

RESÍDUOS SÓLIDOS: RESPONSABILIDADE COMPARTILHADA

Ambientalistas apontam que a questão do lixo já é um dos mais graves problemas ambientais urbanos da atualidade. O combate a essa questão, esbarra na essência do modelo econômico hegemônico e no consumismo que o sustenta, encontra um cenário de consumo descontrolado dos recursos naturais, transformados em produtos cada vez mais descartáveis, que se tornam funcionalmente inúteis logo após saírem das fábricas. Nesse contexto, a gestão dos resíduos sólidos torna-se uma eficiente ferramenta para reverter o quadro de degradação ambiental e exploração econômica. O presente artigo analisa os conceitos relacionados aos resíduos sólidos, bem como explora as alternativas apresentadas para a sociedade como soluções.

A New Approach to Dengue Fatal Cases Diagnosis: NS1 Antigen Capture in Tissues

Dengue manifestations may vary from asymptomatic to potentially fatal complications. With an increasing number of Dengue Hemorrhagic fever (DHF) and fatal cases, the availability of new approaches useful for cases confirmation plays an important role for the disease surveillance. The diagnosis of fatal cases in frozen and fixed tissues from autopsies can be determined by techniques such as viral RT-PCR, in situ hybridization, viral proteins detection by immunohistochemistry and NS3 specific immunostaining. We aimed to assess for the first time the usefulness of NS1 capture tests as a diagnostic technique to demonstrate DENV antigens in human tissue specimens. The highest sensitivity was obtained by a rapid ICT which was also the most sensitive in liver, lung, kidney, brain, spleen and thymus. Despite a number of studies demonstrating the usefulness of DENV NS1 antigen detection by different ELISAs in plasma and/or sera of dengue patients, no research has been done previously to demonstrate NS1 presence in tissues of fatal dengue cases. Moreover, the application of NS1 kits to demonstrate the presence of DENV may provide a better understanding of viral tropism in fatal cases and may be useful for studies of pathogenesis in vivo and in experimental animals

Comparison of Three Commercially Available Dengue NS1 Antigen Capture Assays for Acute Diagnosis of Dengue in Brazil

Dengue is the one of the most prevalent arthropod-borne viral diseases in tropical regions of the world. Manifestations may vary from asymptomatic to potentially fatal complications. Laboratorial diagnosis is essential to diagnose dengue and differentiate it from other diseases. Dengue virus non-structural protein 1 (NS1) may be used as a marker of acute dengue virus infection. Our results, based in the comparison of three NS1 antigen capture assays available, have shown that this approach is reliable for the early diagnosis of dengue infections, especially in the first four days after the onset of the symptoms. A lower sensitivity was observed in DENV-3 cases. Serum positive by virus isolation were more often detected than those positive by RT-PCR by all three assays. Only the Platelia™ NS1 test showed a higher sensitivity in confirming primary infections than secondary ones. In conclusion, NS1 antigen capture commercial kits are useful for diagnosis of acute primary and secondary dengue infections and, in endemic countries where secondary infections are expected to occur, may be used in combination with MAC-ELISA to increase the overall sensitivity of both tests

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear un derstanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5–7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8–11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world’s most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepre sented in biodiversity databases.13–15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may elim inate pieces of the Amazon’s biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological com munities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple or ganism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region’s vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most ne glected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lostinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio