Reborn Translated: Xiaolu Guo as a World Author

This paper introduces the concept of “world author,” taking as its exemplar the Chinese British writer and filmmaker Xiaolu Guo. It investigates how Guo utilizes her bilingualism to construct and negotiate her creative agency, especially when dealing with the political and commercial forces imposed on diasporic authors. Through engaging with Rebecca Walkowitz’s idea of world literature as being “born translated,” I point out that the translational should not be limited to the thematic and representational arrangements internal to a given text. Instead, translation as movements between linguistic systems and media forms can generate multipleversions of a text, to the point that such translational multiplicity fundamentally challenges its supposed singularity. This argument is demonstrated with Guo’s self-translation of the stories of Fenfang and her filmic adaptation of the novel UFO in Her Eyes. Through these examples of what I call “translational rebirths,” I demonstrate the importance of paratextual details and intertextual connections between clusters of an author’s creative output for the interpretation and appreciation of l’oeuvre d’un auteur instead of une oeuvre d’art. This case study also shows the need for the academic debates on world literature to go beyond the singularity of texts and evaluative criteria of worldliness based on this assumption, so that the discipline can realize its full potential in accommodating multilingual transnational authors like Guo

Mapping Entrepreneurial Ecosystem (EE) of Palestine

In recent years, the role of entrepreneurs and micro, small, and medium-sized enterprises (MSMEs) has gained attention, especially in developing economies. They contribute to productivity growth, job creation, and promotion of innovation and business internationalization. There is an increasing number of entrepreneurial actors within regional economies, so it is essential to shift from focusing on specific activities involved in entrepreneurship to a more holistic understanding of the environment in which entrepreneurs and MSMEs are operating, the so-called entrepreneurial ecosystem (EE). In Palestine, due to the limited resources and the high unemployment rate, entrepreneurship has become a national priority and an opportunity for wealth-seeking individuals. Mapping EE of Palestine is considered a basis for managing and evaluating conditions and performance of Entrepreneurship. Investigation of the elements of EE in Palestine has been built based on Isenberg's (2011) domains: conductive policy, markets, capital, human skills, culture, and supports. The investigation shows that Palestine is yet under development and in the infancy stage. The efforts by governmental authorities to support MSMEs are limited, coupled with a poor business market, the ineffectiveness of the credit market, and the limited role of supporting institutions working in Palestine. The national culture also obstructs the performance of entrepreneurship because of its deep-rooted traditions. Furthermore, there is a gap between traditional education and what it should be to improve entrepreneurial skills. A pyramid structure of activities executed by different actors according to their impact and influence is recommended to improve EE. Research pape Keywords: Entrepreneurial Ecosystem; Palestine; MSME; Finance; Human Capital; Culture Reference to this paper should be made as follows: Karaki, F. J. (2021). Mapping Entrepreneurial Ecosystem (EE) of Palestine. Journal of Entrepreneurship, Business and Economics, 9(2), 174–217

Mapping Entrepreneurial Ecosystem (EE) of Palestine

In recent years, the role of entrepreneurs and micro, small, and medium-sized enterprises (MSMEs) has gained attention, especially in developing economies. They contribute to productivity growth, job creation, and promotion of innovation and business internationalization. There is an increasing number of entrepreneurial actors within regional economies, so it is essential to shift from focusing on specific activities involved in entrepreneurship to a more holistic understanding of the environment in which entrepreneurs and MSMEs are operating, the so-called entrepreneurial ecosystem (EE). In Palestine, due to the limited resources and the high unemployment rate, entrepreneurship has become a national priority and an opportunity for wealth-seeking individuals. Mapping EE of Palestine is considered a basis for managing and evaluating conditions and performance of Entrepreneurship. Investigation of the elements of EE in Palestine has been built based on Isenberg's (2011) domains: conductive policy, markets, capital, human skills, culture, and supports. The investigation shows that Palestine is yet under development and in the infancy stage. The efforts by governmental authorities to support MSMEs are limited, coupled with a poor business market, the ineffectiveness of the credit market, and the limited role of supporting institutions working in Palestine. The national culture also obstructs the performance of entrepreneurship because of its deep-rooted traditions. Furthermore, there is a gap between traditional education and what it should be to improve entrepreneurial skills. A pyramid structure of activities executed by different actors according to their impact and influence is recommended to improve EE. Research pape Keywords: Entrepreneurial Ecosystem; Palestine; MSME; Finance; Human Capital; Culture Reference to this paper should be made as follows: Karaki, F. J. (2021). Mapping Entrepreneurial Ecosystem (EE) of Palestine. Journal of Entrepreneurship, Business and Economics, 9(2), 174–217

Quantificação do ácido 5-hidroxi-indolacético urinário por técnica caseira do nitrosonaftol comparada com ensaio de nitrosonaftol em microcoluna de cromatografia e imunoensaio enzimático

The aim of this study was to compare the colorimetric kit and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) methods to quantify urinary 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid through the Goldenberg's technique, exploring the potential of replacing it. 24-hour urine samples were tested by Goldenberg's assay and compared with kits. The agreement was almost perfect for the comparison of Goldenberg's assay with both colorimetric kit, and with ELISA kit, considering ≤ 7.5 mg/24h normal cutoff value. Therefore, both kits would be good alternatives to Goldenberg's technique due to practicality and agreement between values.O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar métodos por kit colorimétrico e por ensaio imunossorvente ligado à enzima (ELISA) para quantificar o ácido 5-hidroxi-indolacético urinário com a técnica de Goldenberg, explorando o potencial de substituí-la. Amostras de urina de 24 horas foram testadas pela técnica de Goldenberg e com os kits. A concordância foi quase perfeita, tanto para a comparação do ensaio de Goldenberg com o kit colorimétrico quanto para com o kit ELISA, considerando normal o valor de corte de ≤ 7.5 mg/24h. Portanto, ambos os kits seriam boa alternativa para a técnica de Goldenberg devido à praticidade e à concordância entre os valores.Universidade de São Paulo Faculdade de Medicina Hospital das ClínicasUNIFESPFMUSP Hospital das Clínicas Gastroenterology and Hepatology DepartmentUSP Medicine SchoolUNIFESPSciEL

Clinical and epidemiological aspects of hepatocellular carcinoma in Brazil

OBJECTIVES: We performed a national survey to update hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) epidemiology in Brazil and determined the clinical and epidemiological profiles of patients with HCC in different Brazilian regions. METHODS: Data from 29 centers included 1,405 patients diagnosed with HCC from 2004 to 2009. RESULTS: The median age was 59 (1-92 years old; 78% male). At diagnosis, females were older than males (median age: 62 vs. 59 years old respectively; p<0.0001). Ninety-eight percent of the patients had cirrhosis (1279/1308). Hepatitis C virus was the main etiology (54%), followed by hepatitis B virus (16%) and alcohol (14%). In Southeastern and Southern Brazil, hepatitis C virus accounted for over 55% of cases. In the Northeast and North, hepatitis C virus accounted for less than 50%, and hepatitis B virus accounted for 22-25% of cases; hepatitis B was more prevalent in the Northern than in the Southern regions. Some 43%, 35%, and 22% of patients were in early, intermediate, and advanced stages respectively. Initial therapies for HCC included chemoembolization or embolization (36%), percutaneous ablation (13%), liver resection (7%), and sorafenib (1%). Liver transplantation was performed in 242 patients (19%), but it was the initial therapy for only 56 patients (4%). CONCLUSION: The epidemiology, classification, and therapy selection for HCC varied among Brazilian regions. Hepatitis C infection was the most common etiology of liver cirrhosis; chemoembolization was the most common therapy employed. Liver cirrhosis was the main risk factor for HCC development in Brazil

Clinical Features of Refractory Ascites in Outpatients

OBJECTIVES: To present the clinical features and outcomes of outpatients who suffer from refractory ascites. METHODS: This prospective observational study consecutively enrolled patients with cirrhotic ascites who submitted to a clinical evaluation, a sodium restriction diet, biochemical blood tests, 24 hour urine tests and an ascitic fluid analysis. All patients received a multidisciplinary evaluation and diuretic treatment. Patients who did not respond to the diuretic treatment were controlled by therapeutic serial paracentesis, and a transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt was indicated for patients who required therapeutic serial paracentesis up to twice a month. RESULTS: The most common etiology of cirrhosis in both groups was alcoholism [49 refractory (R) and 11 non-refractory ascites (NR)]. The majority of patients in the refractory group had Child-Pugh class B cirrhosis (p=0.034). The nutritional assessment showed protein-energy malnutrition in 81.6% of the patients in the R group and 35.5% of the patients in the NR group, while hepatic encephalopathy, hernia, spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, upper digestive hemorrhage and type 2 hepatorenal syndrome were present in 51%, 44.9%, 38.8%, 38.8% and 26.5% of the patients in the R group and 9.1%, 18.2%, 0%, 0% and 0% of the patients in the NR group, respectively (p=0.016, p=0.173, p=0.012, p=0.012, and p=0.100, respectively). Mortality occurred in 28.6% of the patients in the R group and in 9.1% of the patients in the NR group (p=0.262). CONCLUSION: Patients with refractory ascites were malnourished, suffered from hernias, had a high prevalence of complications and had a high postoperative death frequency, which was mostly due to infectious processes