Development and application of the modelling system J2000-S for the EU-water framework directive

The scientific sound definition of measures to achieve the goals of the EU water framework directive (WFD) acquires spatially distributed analyses of the water and substance dynamics in meso- to macro-scale catchments. For this purpose, modelling tools or systems are needed which are robust and fast enough to be applied on such scales, but which are also able to simulate the impact of changes on single fields or small areas of a specific land use in the catchment. <br><br> To face these challenges, we combined the fully-distributed hydrological model J2000 with the nitrogen transport routines of the Soil Water Assessment Tool SWAT model, which are normally applied in a semi-distributive approach. With this combination, we could extend the quantitative focus of J2000 with qualitative processes and could overcome the semi-distributed limitation of SWAT. For the implementation and combination of the components, we used the Jena Adaptable Modelling System JAMS (Kralisch and Krause, 2006) which helped tremendously in the relatively rapid and easy development of the new resultant model J2000-S (J2000-Substance). <br><br> The modelling system was applied in the upper Gera watershed, located in Thuringia, Germany. The catchment has an area of 844 km<sup>2</sup> and includes three of the typical landscape forms of Thuringia. The application showed, that the new modelling system was able to reproduce the daily hydrological as well as the nitrogen dynamics with a sufficient quality. The paper will describe the results of the new model and compare them with the results obtained with the original semi-distributed application of SWAT

What factors affect cross-modal substitution? – evidences from the Oslo area

The vast majority of studies on urban travel demand focus on the effect on the demand of one travel mode given a change in the characteristics of that same transport mode, for example, own-elasticities. comparatively little is known about cross-elasticities of demand. In particular, there is a need for a better understanding of the underlying mechanisms of modal substitution, that is a better understanding of cross-modal diversion factors (Dfs) defined as the proportion of people who leave mode a and switch to mode b. The purpose of this article is to investigate what factors explain variations in Dfs across transport modes, submarkets and policy measures. using a recently developed empirical travel mode choice model for the Oslo area, we simulate over 10,000 different Dfs by systematically changing the underlying transport modes, submarkets and policies (size, direction and type of change). With descriptive statistics, we show how the Dfs vary on a general level. most results are immediately intuitive, for example that car drivers mostly substitute to walk for short-distance trips but that those Dfs diminish rapidly with increasing distance. Interestingly, we find rather high Dfs across different forms of public transportation. With successive regression analyses we show that the number of available alternatives and relative market shares significantly affect Dfs

Release of prostaglandin D2 by murine mast cells: importance of metabolite formation for antiproliferative activity.

Prostaglandin (PG) D2, PGJ2 and delta12-PGJ2 are antiproliferative eicosanoids. We investigated the production of PGD2 by murine bone marrow-derived mast cells (BMMC) taking into consideration metabolism of PGD2 to PGD2 and delta12-PGJ2. PG-metabolites were quantified by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) combined with radioimmunoassay (RIA). Stimulated with calcium ionophore A23187 BMMC released eight-fold more PGJ2 and delta12-PGJ2 than PGD2. Conversion of endogenously produced PGD2 to PGJ2 and delta12-PGJ2 proceeded rapidly in contrast to metabolism of exogenously added PGD2. The antiproliferative potency of these prostaglandins is demonstrated in vitro. We conclude that determination of PGD2 production by mast cells must take into consideration rapid conversion to active derivatives, which may play a significant role in growth regulation

Suited for Success? : Suits, Status, and Hybrid Masculinity

This document is the Accepted Manuscript version. The final, definitive version of this paper has been published in Men and Masculinities, March 2017, doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/1097184X17696193, published by SAGE Publishing, All rights reserved.This article analyzes the sartorial biographies of four Canadian men to explore how the suit is understood and embodied in everyday life. Each of these men varied in their subject positions—body shape, ethnicity, age, and gender identity—which allowed us to look at the influence of men’s intersectional identities on their relationship with their suits. The men in our research all understood the suit according to its most common representation in popular culture: a symbol of hegemonic masculinity. While they wore the suit to embody hegemonic masculine configurations of practice—power, status, and rationality—most of these men were simultaneously marginalized by the gender hierarchy. We explain this disjuncture by using the concept of hybrid masculinity and illustrate that changes in the style of hegemonic masculinity leave its substance intact. Our findings expand thinking about hybrid masculinity by revealing the ways subordinated masculinities appropriate and reinforce hegemonic masculinity.Peer reviewe

Assessment of data uncertainty and plausibility over the Nam Co Region, Tibet

One of the major challenges for water balance studies in the remote and mostly ungauged region of the Tibetan Plateau is the lack of suitable and reliable climate data to drive hydrological models. Ground observations are rare in the high-mountainous region of the Nam Co basin and only global and regional gridded climate products are available as model input data, but these data sets need to be carefully analysed if used as driving force for hydrological modelling. In this study, various global and regional gridded data products for temperature and precipitation were compared to assess spatio-temporal deviations between several data sets. For the comparison absolute and relative differences of annual and seasonal long-term means were calculated. Climatic trends were analysed by using the non-parametric Mann-Kendall trend test. In addition, gridded climate data sets were compared to meteorological observations in order to evaluate their plausibility. The comparative statistical analysis showed significant differences in the magnitude, the seasonality, the spatial pattern and the trend behaviour of the analysed climate variables, in particular for precipitation data. The identified inconsistencies underpin the necessity to quantify the uncertainty of such climate data. Moreover, the presented study highlights the importance of further research efforts to develop regional climate data sets with finer resolutions to reduce the model's uncertainty resulting from climate input data. Such higher resolution is needed for a sufficient representation of regional topographic and orographic effects in order to simulate important hydrological processes in mountainous areas like snow accumulation and melting

Facies and evolution of the carbonate factory during the Permian–Triassic crisis in South Tibet, China

The nature of Phanerozoic carbonate factories is strongly controlled by the composition of carbonate-producing faunas. During the Permian–Triassic mass extinction interval there was a major change in tropical shallow platform facies: Upper Permian bioclastic limestones are characterized by benthic communities with significant richness, for example, calcareous algae, fusulinids, brachiopods, corals, molluscs and sponges, while lowermost Triassic carbonates shift to dolomicrite-dominated and bacteria-dominated microbialites in the immediate aftermath of the Permian–Triassic mass extinction. However, the spatial–temporal pattern of carbonates distribution in high latitude regions in response to the Permian–Triassic mass extinction has received little attention. Facies and evolutionary patterns of a carbonate factory from the northern margin of peri-Gondwana (palaeolatitude ca 40°S) are presented here based on four Permian–Triassic boundary sections that span proximal, inner to distal, and outer ramp settings from South Tibet. The results show that a cool-water bryozoan-dominated and echinoderm-dominated carbonate ramp developed in the Late Permian in South Tibet. This was replaced abruptly, immediately after the Permian–Triassic mass extinction, by a benthic automicrite factory with minor amounts of calcifying metazoans developed in an inner/middle ramp setting, accompanied by transient subaerial exposure. Subsequently, an extensive homoclinal carbonate ramp developed in South Tibet in the Early Triassic, which mainly consists of homogenous dolomitic lime mudstone/wackestone that lacks evidence of metazoan frame-builders. The sudden transition from a cool-water, heterozoan dominated carbonate ramp to a warm-water, metazoan-free, homoclinal carbonate ramp following the Permian–Triassic mass extinction was the result of the combination of the loss of metazoan reef/mound builders, rapid sea-level changes across Permian–Triassic mass extinction and profound global warming during the Early Triassic

Genomic Fingerprints of Palaeogeographic History: The Tempo and Mode of Rift Tectonics Across Tropical Africa Has Shaped the Diversification of the Killifish Genus Nothobranchius (Teleostei: Cyprinodontiformes)

This paper reports a phylogeny of the African killifishes (Genus Nothobranchius, Order Cyprinodontiformes) informed by five genetic markers (three nuclear, two mitochondrial) of 80 taxa (seven undescribed and 73 of the 92 recognized species). These short-lived annual fishes occupy seasonally wet habitats in central and eastern Africa, and their distribution coincides largely with the East African Rift System (EARS). The fossil dates of sister clades used to constrain a chronometric tree of all sampled Nothobranchius recovered the origin of the genus at ~13.27 Mya. It was followed by the radiations of six principal clades through the Neogene. An ancestral area estimation tested competing biogeographical hypotheses to constrain the ancestral origin of the genus to the Nilo-Sudan Ecoregion, which seeded a mid-Miocene dispersal event into the Coastal ecoregion, followed closely (~10 Mya) by dispersals southward across the Mozambique coastal plain into the Limpopo Ecoregion. Extending westwards across the Tanzanian plateau, a pulse of radiations through the Pliocene were associated with dispersals and fragmentation of wetlands across the Kalahari and Uganda Ecoregions. We interpret this congruence of drainage rearrangements with dispersals and cladogenic events of Nothobranchius to reflect congruent responses to recurrent uplift and rifting. The coevolution of these freshwater fishes and wetlands is attributed to ultimate control by tectonics, as the EARS extended southwards during the Neogene. Geobiological consilience of the combined evidence supports a tectonic hypothesis for the evolution of Nothobranchius