The 3DMA Middleware for Mobile Applications

Mobile devices have received much research interest in re- cent years. Mobility raises new issues such as more dynamic context, limited computing resources, and frequent disconnections. To handle these issues, we propose a middleware, called 3DMA, which introduces three requirements, 1) distribution, 2) decoupling and 3) decomposition. 3DMA uses a space based middleware approach combined with a set of workers which are able to act on the users behalf either to reduce load on the mobile device, or to support disconnected behavior. In order to demonstrate aspects of the middleware architecture we consider the development of a commonly used mobile application

Wind Energy on Trial in Saepmie: Epistemic Controversies and Strategic Ignorance in Norway’s Green Energy Transition

Climate change policies and the green energy transition have renewed colonial structures and injustices for Indigenous peoples in land-use conflicts, but not without resistance. This article explores epistemic controversies in a legal struggle concerning impacts from wind energy infrastructure on Southern Saami reindeer herding and culture in Norway. The article draws on courtroom ethnography and diverse written material concerning a court case between the wind energy company Fosen Vind DA and the Southern Saami reindeer herders in Fovsen Njaarke Sïjte. The findings show that the parties’ competing claims to truth rely on different knowledge systems and worldviews concerning what Southern Saami reindeer herding is an ought to be. However, beyond onto-epistemological struggles between the “Indigenous” and the “Western”, Fosen Vind DA and the Norwegian state strategically ignored all knowledges that threatened capitalist and green colonial interests. The Fosen case illustrates how Indigenous peoples can contest dominant knowledge regimes and colonial presumptions about their livelihoods, culture, and rights through the legal system. However, the Norwegian state’s reluctancy to respect the outcome of the Supreme Court verdict reveals that asymmetric power relations continue to pave the way for colonial dispossession of Saami landscapes, epistemes, and human rights in the green energy transition

Defect detection and acoustic penetration of grout in offshore structures

Masteroppgave i havteknologiHTEK3995MAMN-HTEKMAMN-HTE

“You Can Kill Us with Dialogue:” Critical Perspectives on Wind Energy Development in a Nordic-Saami Green Colonial Context

This article explores Southern Saami reindeer herders’ experiences and contestations over state consultation and corporate dialogue during a confict over the Øy ellet wind energy project in Norway. Informed by a committed research approach and juxtaposition with findings from Indigenous peoples’ territorial struggles in Latin-America, the article provides critical perspectives on governance practices in a Nordic-Saami green colonial context. The research draws on ethnography from a consultation meeting between Jillen Njaarke, the impacted reindeer herding community, and state authorities, as well as diverse written material. The study suggests that the state- and corporate-led “dialogues” displaced the root cause of the confict, revealed epistemic miscommunication, and perpetuated relations of domination which limited emancipatory efects for Jillen Njaarke. The premises and discourses underpinning the “dialogues” further reproduced racist notions which devalue ancestral Saami reindeer herding knowledges, practices, and landscape relations. These findings challenge dialogue as prescription of good governance and confict resolution in a context where democracy and compliance with Indigenous peoples’ rights are perceived as high

Flowering time runs hot and cold

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Oil and Gas Exploitation on Arctic Indigenous Peoples’ Territories Human Rights, International Law and Corporate Social Responsibility

The Resource Centre for the Rights of Indigenous Peoples’ Gáldu Čála nr 4/2006 con- tains two articles addressing certain core social, legal and economic questions related to oil and gas operations in indigenous areas, written by Mr. Rune Sverre Fjellheim and Mr. John B. Henriksen respectively. Around the world, including in the Arctic, there are disputes about ownership, utiliza- tion, management and conservation of traditional indigenous lands and resources - often caused by decisions or attempts to use traditional indigenous lands and resources for industrial purposes, including oil and gas exploration. This situation represents an enor- mous challenge, and in some cases threatens indigenous societies and their economies, cultures and ways of life. Indigenous peoples have been, and in many cases still are, deprived of their human rights and fundamental freedoms as distinct peoples. This has resulted in the dispos- session of their lands, territories and resources, and prevented them from exercising their right to development in accordance with their needs and interests. The interests of commercial development normally prevail over indigenous peoples’ rights and interests, despite the fact that the survival of indigenous peoples − as distinct peoples – depends on their possibility to manage their own traditional lands and resources in a manner and mode appropriate to their specific circumstances. The article “Arctic Oil and Gas – Corporate Social Responsibility” discusses the re- sponsibilities of the industrial operators in the Arctic. The Arctic holds 25% of the known remaining global Oil and Gas resources. Industrial development in the Arctic poses seri- ous environmental and Human Rights challenges. It is one of the most pristine and vul- nerable ecosystems in the world and the home of 40-50 distinct Indigenous Peoples. The author shows examples of Corporate Policies designed to address their responsibilities relating to Indigenous Peoples, and discusses the difficulties in turning corporate policies into practice. The article entitled “Oil and Gas Operations in Indigenous Peoples’ Lands and Ter- ritories in the Arctic: A Human Rights Perspective” – written by Mr. John B. Henriksen – elaborates on the international human rights protection accorded to indigenous lands and resource rights, with particular reference to oil and gas exploration

Relationship between the weight of reindeer calves in autumn and their mother's age and weight in the previous spring

Age and weight in dams aged less than 5 years old together explain 29% of variation in calves' weight in autumn. Each alone explains 22%. In dams aged 5 to 12 years, weight alone explains 22% while age alone explains only 0.4%. Weight followed by age does not significantly improve the fit in these. The implication of this regarding selection strategy is that the aim should be to ensure that the female populationof a herd should include that smallest possible proportion of 1 to 4 year olds. This age structure can be achieved by slaughtering as many calves (0.5 yr) and young females (1.5 yr) as possible. The lifespan of female recruits and the mean age of the female population of the herd are thus increased. This will also result in an increase in the mean weight of the female population, given that animals aged 5 to 10 years are heavier than 2 to 4 years olds.Reinkalvenes høstvekt relatert til mødrenes vårvekt og alder.Abstract in Norwegian / Sammendrag: For mødre yngre enn 5 år forklarer vekten og alderen sammen 29% av variasjonen i kalvenes høstvekt. Alene forklarer hver 22%. Fra 5 til 12 år forklarer vekten alene 19% mens alderen alene bare forklarer 0,4%. Her gir alder etter vekt ikke signifikant tillegg til forklaringen. For utvalgsstrategien har dette som konsekvns at aldersklassene ett til fire år skal utgjøre en minst mulig andel av hunndyrflokken samlet. Denne aldersstrukturen når man ved å konsentrere hovedslakteuttaket til kalve- og ungsimleårgangene (= 1/2 og 1 1/2 år). Omløpstiden forlenges og gjennomsnittsalderen heves derved innen simleflokken. Ved at aldersklassene mellom fem og ti år er tyngre enn aldersklassene to til fire år, leder dette også til en hevning av gjennomsnittsvekten innen simleflokken.Poronvasojen syksypainon riippuvuus emä n kevät-painosta ja iästä.Abstract in Finnish / Yhteenveto: Alle 5-vuotiaiden vaatimien paino ja ikä yhdessä selittävät 29% vasan syksypainon vaihtelusta. Kumpikin selittää erikseen 22%. 5-12 vuoden ikäisilla vaatimilla paino selittää yksistään 19%, mutta ikä vain 0,4%. Iän riippuvuus painosta ei selittänyt tätä merkisevästi. Valinnan kannalta on tärkeää, että lau-massa om pienin mahdollinen määrä 1-4 - vuotiaita naarasporoja tämä ikäjakautuma saavutetaan teuresta-malla syksyllä mahdollisimman paljon vasoja (0,5 - vuotiaita) ja nuoria naaraita 1,5 - vuotiaita). Naaraiden elinikä pitenee ja keski-ikä laumassa kasvaa. Tämä lisää myös naaraiden keskipainoa, sillä 5-10 vuotiaat naaraat ovat painavampia kuin 2-4 - vuoitaat

Words and concepts in Social Sciences

Mastergradsoppgave i tilpasset opplæring, Avdeling for lærerutdanning og naturvitenskap, Høgskolen i Innlandet, 2017.Norsk: Dette er en masteroppgave i tilpasset opplæring ved Høgskolen i Innlandet. Fokuset i denne oppgaven er på ord og begreper i samfunnsfagundervisningen på mellomtrinnet. Jeg har brukt observasjon og intervju for å undersøke hvilke ord og begreper lærer har fokus på i undervisningen. I tillegg har jeg sett på hvilke utfordringer det er ved dette fokuset. Jeg har valgt å rette oppmerksomheten spesielt mot fagord og fagspesifikke ord. Fagordene får mye oppmerksomhet i skolen. Fagspesifikke ord kan forekomme i mange fag og kan ha noe ulik betydning i de ulike fagene. Disse ordene er kjente for mange, men kan være utfordrende for de som ikke har disse ordene i sitt ordforråd, fordi de får lite fokus i undervisningen. For elevene er det viktig å forstå disse type ord for å kunne lese og forstå fagtekster. Allerede fra femtetrinn skal elevene ifølge Kunnskapsløftet arbeide med å tilegne seg stoffet i fagtekster, og disse møter de gjerne i lærebøkene. Disse tekstene krever mange ulike lesestrategier. God begrepsforståelse henger sammen med god leseforståelse, og man kan risikere at når elevene møter fagbegreper de ikke forstår, vil hele forståelsen falle sammen. Læreboktekster er også en del av min oppgave. Jeg har valgt å se nærmere på hvilke utfordringer elevene møter med tanke på ord og begreper når de skal lese en fagtekst i samfunnsfag. Ord – og begrepsfokus i lærerboka har jeg også sett nærmere på. Samfunnsfag er et stort og utfordrende fag å undervise i, og ikke minst å være elev i. Det er mange ord og begreper som gjennomgås og som skal forstås for å nå kompetansemålene i faget. Fagordene er i fokus hos lærerne i min undersøkelse, men det er likevel ikke så svart/ hvitt som man kanskje kan få inntrykk av når man leser teorien om emnet. Jeg ser også at lærerboka kan fungere godt som ressurs i undervisningen, men at elevenes faglige utbytte av den avhenger av en lærer som kjenner elevenes nivå og som gjør jobben sin som stillasbygger, slik at de kan nå de faglige målene.English: This thesis is written at the Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences in the Master program, and it will seek to words and concepts that are used in social studies teaching in lower secondary school in Social Sciences. I have conducted interviews and made use of observation in order to investigate which vocabulary and terms teachers apply in their teaching. I have furthermore discussed some challenging aspects of this focus. I have chosen to direct my attention towards technical terms and subject specific vocabulary. The technical terms currently receive much attention in schools. Subject specific words can occur in many subjects, and they may vary in meaning in the different subjects. Many of the students are already familiar with these technical terms and subject specific vocabulary, and the new words may therefore not be properly introduced in the teaching. This may consequently be challenging to the students who are unfamiliar with the terms, because they are of great importance when reading to understand subject specific texts and curriculum. According to the Knowledge Promotion, students are supposed to work on acquiring knowledge from subject specific texts already from fifth grade. These texts are often found in textbooks, and they require various reading strategies. Good understanding of concepts is linked to good reading comprehension skills, and it is likely that students’ general understanding will suffer if they come across subject specific vocabulary they do not comprehend. Schoolbook texts are also part of this study. I have chosen to investigate which concept or vocabulary challenges the students may encounter when reading a subject specific text in social studies class. I have thus had a close look at how textbooks focus on vocabulary and understanding of concepts. Social studies is a vast and challenging subject both for teachers and students. There are many terms and concepts that need to be reviewed and understood if the students are to achieve competence as stated in the subject curriculum. In this study, the subject specific vocabulary was central to the teachers, but the situation may however not be as unambiguous as the relevant theory might suggest. I have also realized that the textbook can function as a good asset in teaching, but that the students’ academic acquisition relies on a teacher who knows the students’ level – and who can focus on scaffolding – so that the students can obtain the subject competence aims

Phenotypic responses to light, water, and nutrient conditions in the allopolyploid Arabidopsis suecica and its parent species A. thaliana and A. arenosa: Does the allopolyploid outrange its parents?

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A survey of the requirements for emission-free building and construction sites

The City of Oslo’s Climate Agency has engaged SINTEF to carry out a survey of emissionfree building and construction sites for Oslo Municipality's projects. The principal themes are electricity supply, emission-free construction machinery and vehicles, and charging logistics, studying associated experiences and barriers. This report assesses building site experience from relevant projects and includes detailed studies of machine fleets, energy consumption and energy supply. The results indicate that the development towards emission-free building and construction sites is progressing rapidly, although some barriers and challenges remain. All of the municipality's building and construction sites shall be emission-free by 2025. Standard climate and environment requirements for Oslo Municipality's building and construction sites were introduced in 2019. With this new framework, contractors who can offer emission free construction machinery and vehicles in building and construction projects are awarded contracts where Oslo Municipality is the building owner. This is an innovative use of procurement, targeted to promote a quicker transition to emission free completion of building and construction activities in Oslo. In 2019, access to emission free equipment was limited, and the market for emission free building and construction services was still in an early phase of development. Standard requirements were introduced to contribute to the Municipality's goal that all building and construction activities in Oslo Municipality's public sector shall be emission free by 2025. This survey shows that development so far is in line with the goal of Oslo Municipality's public sector shall be emission free by 2025, and the framework has succeeded in its purpose. Between 1st January and 30th June 2021, 73 competitions for tender were published on behalf of Oslo Municipality for the construction sector. Of these, 66 competitions followed Oslo Municipality’s standard contractual requirements and award criteria, and eight stipulated the use of emission-free concepts, the minimum requirement in six of these being the use of emission-free excavators. This means that seven of these 73 projects were either too small or did not use electric construction machinery. There are now at least 36 construction projects in Oslo Municipality (mapped in this report) that use emission free construction machinery, vehicles and equipment. This mapping shows that it is unproblematic with smaller electric machines and equipment. But there are some challenges relating to energy supply and charging logistics when multiple, large construction machineries operate at the same time. It is reported that electric construction machineries generate less noise, less pollution, better air quality and a better working environment. The results show that there are different understandings of what an emission free building or construction site involves, and that definitions of these terms should be standardised. This will most likely be achieved through the on-going development of a Norwegian Standard prNS3770 for emission free building and construction sites. The table below summarises barriers, challenges, possibilities and solutions for emission free construction machineries and vehicles, energy supply and charging logistics.publishedVersion10202628