SOCIALISM AND NATIONALISM: A COMPARISON BETWEEN THE THOUGHT OF H.O.S. TJOKROAMINOTO AND ALIMIN PRAWIRODIRJO

Oemar Said Tjokroaminoto and Alimin bin Prawirodirdjo were Indonesian founding fathers who played a salient role in the national movement and represented two influential groups and ideas of their time, Islamism, and communism. Due to their significant roles in the Indonesia independent movement and the broader Indonesian political thought, exploring their ideas is important. Hence, this article aims to analyze their thoughts on nationalism and socialism. By using a qualitative approach, this study traces two sources of data. First, references that contain the statements of these two figures and other scientific references. Second, confirming them based on analysis of two key informants' interviews. The study has demonstrated that Tjokroaminoto and Alimin's views on socialism and nationalism overlap in some regards and diverge in other aspects

Democratic regression in Indonesia: Police and low-capacity democracy in Jokowi's administration (2014–2020)

Discussions about democratisation have often revolved around the strengthening or weakening phenomenon/notion of democracy. This research is a continuation of previous studies on democratic regression in Indonesia. Charles Tilly (2007) examined democratic regression from democracy and de-democratization theory through the concept of low-capacity democracy. Tilly's perspective argues a low-capacity democratic process occurred during the Joko Widodo administration in Indonesia from 2014 to 2020 when the state implemented the Police as a political instrument to maintain power. As a result, the character of the Police deviated from democratic principles, leading to a problem for police professionalism. The study employs qualitative methods, in which the primary data is obtained from in-depth interviews with several key informants. The secondary data is gathered from scientific works of literature and news in online media. This study indicates how low-capacity democracy developed through: first, the Indonesian regime's intervention and exercise of control by involving and appointing police officers to civilian positions; second, police repression against civil liberties; and third, the Police's justification for their authority and power. Thus, this study confirms Tilly's argument that a low-capacity democratic process occurs when democratic countries pursue undemocratic methods by manipulating the Police as an instrument to strengthen the power of the regime. The recommendation of this study is to strengthen democracy in terms of law enforcement by the supervision of parliament and supervisory institutions to retain the Police’s role as an independent law enforcement institution

Patterns of Corporate Punishment in Corruption Crimes in the Indonesian Legal System

The issue of criminalizing corruption crimes involving corporations has become a concern because, recently, the phenomenon of corruption in several cases has involved corporations that are not easily subject to criminal sanctions. This research aims to analyze the criminal liability for corporations as perpetrators of corruption crimes in the Indonesian legal system and the pattern of punishment for corporations that commit corruption crimes. This research method applies the normative juridical method with a qualitative analysis of secondary data. The results show that law enforcement officials who determine corporations as suspects in corruption crimes and punish them but have difficulty in ensnaring corporations. One of the causes is the incomplete provisions regarding corporations as legal subjects in the anticorruption law. In addition, investigators have difficulty finding evidence and determining the identity of corporate offenders. The pattern of punishment for corporations is to apply a cumulative-alternative punishment pattern aimed at the corporation and its management. For corporations, the type of punishment imposed is fines or economic punishment aimed at recovering losses due to corruption or administrative punishment such as revocation of business licenses, while for the management, the punishment imposed is imprisonment and fines. Keywords: sentencing, corruption, corporatio

Dose and Time-Dependent Lipopolysaccharide Exposure on A549 Cell Model Influences Pro-Inflammatory Cytokine Interleukin 8

Hyperinflammation in COVID-19 patients is one of the causes of the high mortality rate of COVID-19. An in vitro model mimicking the inflammatory responses in COVID-19 patients is important in the efforts of finding new drug candidates for this disease. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) can increase the proinflammatory cytokine interleukin 8 in response to the presence of foreign substances. This preliminary study sought to explore the use of  the A549 cells as an in vitro inflammatory model. This study was conducted from August to November 2022 at the stem cell research and development laboratory of Bio Farma Indonesia. The exposure of 100, 500, and 1000 g/mL doses of LPS administered for 24, 72, and 120 hours on the A549 cells was analyzed for cell viability, population doubling time (PDT), and the presence of  proinflammatory cytokine IL-8. The group differences were examined using one- and two-way analysis of variance in IBM SPSS Statistics Version 29, with a p-value of 0.05 considered significant. Cells exposed to a dose of 1000 g/mL LPS had a lower viability and a higher proliferation rate (p<0.05) based on the viability and PDT. Viability, PDT, and pro-inflammatory cytokines showed concentration- and time-dependent responses. Therefore, increased levels of the proinflammatory cytokine IL-8 in cells exposed to LPS at a dose of 1000 g/mL for 24 hours can be used as a mimic to study hyperinflammation in COVID-19 patients

AGEMAP: A Gene Expression Database for Aging in Mice

We present the AGEMAP (Atlas of Gene Expression in Mouse Aging Project) gene expression database, which is a resource that catalogs changes in gene expression as a function of age in mice. The AGEMAP database includes expression changes for 8,932 genes in 16 tissues as a function of age. We found great heterogeneity in the amount of transcriptional changes with age in different tissues. Some tissues displayed large transcriptional differences in old mice, suggesting that these tissues may contribute strongly to organismal decline. Other tissues showed few or no changes in expression with age, indicating strong levels of homeostasis throughout life. Based on the pattern of age-related transcriptional changes, we found that tissues could be classified into one of three aging processes: (1) a pattern common to neural tissues, (2) a pattern for vascular tissues, and (3) a pattern for steroid-responsive tissues. We observed that different tissues age in a coordinated fashion in individual mice, such that certain mice exhibit rapid aging, whereas others exhibit slow aging for multiple tissues. Finally, we compared the transcriptional profiles for aging in mice to those from humans, flies, and worms. We found that genes involved in the electron transport chain show common age regulation in all four species, indicating that these genes may be exceptionally good markers of aging. However, we saw no overall correlation of age regulation between mice and humans, suggesting that aging processes in mice and humans may be fundamentally different

Special Low Protein Foods Prescribed in England for PKU Patients: An Analysis of Prescribing Patterns and Cost.

Patients with phenylketonuria (PKU) are reliant on special low protein foods (SLPFs) as part of their dietary treatment. In England, several issues regarding the accessibility of SLPFs through the national prescribing system have been highlighted. Therefore, prescribing patterns and expenditure on all SLPFs available on prescription in England (n = 142) were examined. Their costs in comparison to regular protein-containing (n = 182) and 'free-from' products (n = 135) were also analysed. Similar foods were grouped into subgroups (n = 40). The number of units and costs of SLPFs prescribed in total and per subgroup from January to December 2020 were calculated using National Health Service (NHS) Business Service Authority (NHSBSA) ePACT2 (electronic Prescribing Analysis and Cost Tool) for England. Monthly patient SLPF units prescribed were calculated using patient numbers with PKU and non-PKU inherited metabolic disorders (IMD) consuming SLPFs. This was compared to the National Society for PKU (NSPKU) prescribing guidance. Ninety-eight percent of SLPF subgroups (n = 39/40) were more expensive than regular and 'free-from' food subgroups. However, costs to prescribe SLPFs are significantly less than theoretical calculations. From January to December 2020, 208,932 units of SLPFs were prescribed (excluding milk replacers), costing the NHS £2,151,973 (including milk replacers). This equates to £962 per patient annually, and prescribed amounts are well below the upper limits suggested by the NSPKU, indicating under prescribing of SLPFs. It is recommended that a simpler and improved system should be implemented. Ideally, specialist metabolic dietitians should have responsibility for prescribing SLPFs. This would ensure that patients with PKU have the necessary access to their essential dietary treatment, which, in turn, should help promote dietary adherence and improve metabolic control

Protein status of people with phenylketonuria: A scoping review protocol

INTRODUCTION: Phenylketonuria (PKU) is a disorder of protein metabolism resulting in an accumulation of phenylalanine in the body. Dietary management consists of altering the sources of ingested protein to limit phenylalanine intake. Current dietary protein guidelines for PKU are based on limited scientific evidence, thus it remains unclear whether current practice leads to optimal protein status in people with PKU. To date, no attempt has been made to systematically evaluate the protein status of people with PKU, using a combination of validated anthropometric, biochemical and functional measurement tools. Furthermore, factors known to influence protein status in the general population warrant consideration when determining protein status in individuals with PKU, alongside factors unique to PKU such as the type of protein substitute consumed. Understanding the impact of these variables on protein status is crucial to developing a personalised approach to protein recommendations for optimising health and functional outcomes in people with PKU. Therefore, the aim of this scoping review is to examine existing evidence regarding the protein status of people with PKU, and to investigate the nutritional and lifestyle variables that influence protein status. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: This review will be guided by Arksey and O’Malley’s framework, along with guidance from Levac et al, Pawliuk et al and the Joanna Briggs Institute. The following databases will be searched: MEDLINE (Ovid), Embase, CENTRAL, Web of Science and Scopus, alongside grey literature. Identified literature will be assessed by two independent reviewers for inclusion. Descriptive numerical analysis will be performed and a narrative summary will accompany the tabulated results describing how study findings relate to the review questions. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: This review protocol does not require ethical approval. Findings will be disseminated through peer-reviewed publication, presented at relevant conferences, and shared with a patient research advisory group to inform discussions on future research

Dose and Time-Dependent Lipopolysaccharide Exposure on A549 Cell Model Influences Pro-Inflammatory Cytokine Interleukin 8

Hyperinflammation in COVID-19 patients is one of the causes of the high mortality rate of COVID-19. An in vitro model mimicking the inflammatory responses in COVID-19 patients is important in the efforts of finding new drug candidates for this disease. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) can increase the proinflammatory cytokine interleukin 8 in response to the presence of foreign substances. This preliminary study sought to explore the use of  the A549 cells as an in vitro inflammatory model. This study was conducted from August to November 2022 at the stem cell research and development laboratory of Bio Farma Indonesia. The exposure of 100, 500, and 1000 g/mL doses of LPS administered for 24, 72, and 120 hours on the A549 cells was analyzed for cell viability, population doubling time (PDT), and the presence of  proinflammatory cytokine IL-8. The group differences were examined using one- and two-way analysis of variance in IBM SPSS Statistics Version 29, with a p-value of 0.05 considered significant. Cells exposed to a dose of 1000 g/mL LPS had a lower viability and a higher proliferation rate (p<0.05) based on the viability and PDT. Viability, PDT, and pro-inflammatory cytokines showed concentration- and time-dependent responses. Therefore, increased levels of the proinflammatory cytokine IL-8 in cells exposed to LPS at a dose of 1000 g/mL for 24 hours can be used as a mimic to study hyperinflammation in COVID-19 patients

Improved Eating Behaviour and Nutrient Intake in Noncompliant Patients with Phenylketonuria after Reintroducing a Protein Substitute: Observations from a Multicentre Study

Noncompliance is widespread in adults with PKU and is associated with adverse metabolic, nutritional and cognitive abnormalities. Returning to the PKU diet is important for this at-risk population, yet for many this is challenging to achieve. Strategies that ease the return to the PKU diet, while offering nutritional and cognitive advantages, are needed. Twelve PKU adults (33.7 &plusmn; 2.6 years), who had been noncompliant for 4.5 years (range: 1 to 11 years), took 33 g of a low-volume, nutrient-enriched, protein substitute daily for 28 days. Outcomes of eating behaviour, nutrient intake and mood were assessed at entry (baseline, days 1&ndash;3) and after the intervention period (days 29&ndash;31). At baseline, intakes of natural protein and estimated phenylalanine were high (66.4 g and 3318.5 mg, respectively) and intakes of calcium, magnesium, iron, zinc, iodine and vitamin D were below country-specific recommendations. With use of the experimental protein substitute, natural protein and estimated phenylalanine intake declined (p = 0.043 for both). Fat and saturated fat intakes also decreased (p = 0.019 and p = 0.041, respectively), while energy and carbohydrate intake remained unchanged. Micronutrient intake increased (p &le; 0.05 for all aforementioned) to levels well within reference nutrient intake recommendations. Blood vitamin B12 and vitamin D increased by 19.8% and 10.4%, respectively. Reductions in anxiety and confusion were also observed during the course of the study yet should be handled as preliminary data. This study demonstrates that reintroducing a low-volume, nutrient-enriched protein substitute delivers favourable nutritional and possible mood benefits in noncompliant PKU patients, yet longer-term studies are needed to further confirm this. This preliminary knowledge should be used in the design of new strategies to better facilitate patients&rsquo; return to the PKU diet, with the approach described here as a foundation