Patterns of immigration in the new immigration countries

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Core-shell Fe@Fex_xOy_y nanoring system: A versatile platform for biomedical applications

Iron oxide (maghemite and magnetite) nanoparticles are the most commonly used magnetic materials in nanomedicine because of their high biocompatibility. However, their low saturation magnetization (60–90 emu/g) limits their applicability. Here, we report a new core–shell (Fe@Fe$_x$O$_y$) nanoring system, which combines the high magnetic saturation of a metallic iron core (220 emu/g) and the biocompatibility of an iron oxide shell. To produce these nanostructures, hematite (α-Fe$_2$O$_3$) nanorings were annealed in a H$_2$ gas atmosphere for different periods to optimize the amount of metallic iron percentage (δ) in the system. Thus, nanostructures with different magnetic saturation (97 to 178 emu/g) could be obtained; based on their metallic iron content, these particles are labeled as Vortex Iron oxide Particle δ (VIPδ). Micromagnetic simulations confirmed that the VIPδ nanorings exhibit a vortex configuration, guaranteeing low remanence and coercitivity. Moreover, the system shows good biocompatibility in various assays as determined through cell viability measurements performed using two different human cell lines, which were exposed to VIP78% for 24 h. Therefore, VIPδ nanorings combine a magnetic vortex state and biocompatibility with their high magnetic saturation and can thus serve as a platform that can be tuned during the synthesis based on desired biomedical application

Development of nanoencapsulation forms from Cymbopogon citratus essential Oil

Cymbopogon citratus essential oil (CCEO) is widely used in food, cosmetics and pharmaceutical fields. The aim of this study was to compare two different methods of encapsulating CCEO. The o/w emulsion method was employed here for the first time for producing CCEO nanoparticles with polycaprolactone (PCL) and a molecular inclusion in β-cyclodextrin (CyD) using the precipitation method. The nanoparticles were spherical in shape, with 240.0 nm mean diameter and demonstrated a higher encapsulation efficiency (36.51 %) as the citral content. The efficiency of CCEO/CyD complex was lower (9.46 %) and it showed some specificity for the smallest molecules present in the original oil. It was irregular in shape and had a larger mean diameter (441.2 nm). It was concluded that the o/w emulsion method was the most effective for CCEO encapsulation. The positive findings in this study encourage further research and provide perspectives for the development of phytotherapeutic products from CCEO.Colegio de Farmacéuticos de la Provincia de Buenos Aire

The Study of Irregular Migration

AbstractThe study of irregular migration as a specific social phenomenon took off during the 70s in the US. Since then, the academic interest has continually grown and spread, first to Europe and, in the last years, to other regions worldwide. This interest can certainly be related to the increasing attention paid to the study of migrations more in general (Castles & Miller, 1993). The trend can be linked to those broad and complex social and economic changes, often subsumed under the concept of globalization. The specific focus on irregular migration, though gaining momentum throughout the 1980s, reached preeminent attention in the 1990s. On both sides of the Atlantic, the explosion of the so-called "migration crisis" (Zolberg & Benda, 2001) and the emergence of irregular migration as a widespread social fact raised the attention of public opinion and academics alike. Moreover, in recent years, what seemed at first to be an issue concerning only the high-income regions of the planet, now involves also medium and low-income ones, making irregular migration a truly global structural phenomenon (Cvajner & Sciortino, 2010a; Düvell, 2006)

Ecuadorian Migration in Amsterdam and Madrid: The Structural Contexts

AbstractThe scope of this chapter is to outline the main characteristics of the two contexts that were the scenario of the phenomenon that is the object of this book. The analysis will centre on those structural features of the cities of Amsterdam and Madrid and, more in general, of the Netherlands and Spain, that may have had an influence on the experience of Ecuadorian irregular migrants

Irregular Migration Theories

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A Graphlet-Based Topological Characterization of the Resting-State Network in Healthy People

In this paper, we propose a graphlet-based topological algorithm for the investigation of the brain network at resting state (RS). To this aim, we model the brain as a graph, where (labeled) nodes correspond to specific cerebral areas and links are weighted connections determined by the intensity of the functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Then, we select a number of working graphlets, namely, connected and non-isomorphic induced subgraphs. We compute, for each labeled node, its Graphlet Degree Vector (GDV), which allows us to associate a GDV matrix to each one of the 133 subjects of the considered sample, reporting how many times each node of the atlas "touches" the independent orbits defined by the graphlet set. We focus on the 56 independent columns (i.e., non-redundant orbits) of the GDV matrices. By aggregating their count all over the 133 subjects and then by sorting each column independently, we obtain a sorted node table, whose top-level entries highlight the nodes (i.e., brain regions) most frequently touching each of the 56 independent graphlet orbits. Then, by pairwise comparing the columns of the sorted node table in the top-k entries for various values of k, we identify sets of nodes that are consistently involved with high frequency in the 56 independent graphlet orbits all over the 133 subjects. It turns out that these sets consist of labeled nodes directly belonging to the default mode network (DMN) or strongly interacting with it at the RS, indicating that graphlet analysis provides a viable tool for the topological characterization of such brain regions. We finally provide a validation of the graphlet approach by testing its power in catching network differences. To this aim, we encode in a Graphlet Correlation Matrix (GCM) the network information associated with each subject then construct a subject-to-subject Graphlet Correlation Distance (GCD) matrix based on the Euclidean distances between all possible pairs of GCM. The analysis of the clusters induced by the GCD matrix shows a clear separation of the subjects in two groups, whose relationship with the subject characteristics is investigated

Immigrants, markets and policies in Southern Europe. The making of an immigration model?

The authors skilfully synthesise the immense research and new findings pertaining to four countries – Italy, Greece, Spain and Portugal (Arango, Bonifazi, Finotelli, Peixoto, Sabino, Strozza & Triandafyllidou 2009). They refer to earlier comparative analyses of immigration experiences in Southern European countries with the intention of testing their validity and updating them. In the analysis, They focus on the phenomenon of irregular migration, the mechanisms of migrant workers’ insertion in the labour market and migration policy responses. Special attention is paid to regularisation policies, executed – typical for Southern countries – ex post, as well as to their effectiveness and social costs. Through cross-country analysis, the authors scrupulously examine various aspects of migration related experiences, tracking signs of both regional homogeneity and diversity. Despite the differences with regard to timing, quantity and types of migrant flows or to policy tools, ultimately, they seem to be convinced that a ‘Southern model’ does exist. They stress, however, that the model is dynamic because with time it acquires ever-new dimensions and meanings and includes new social frameworks and new policy instruments

The making of an immigration model: inflows, impacts and policies in Southern Europe

INTRODUCTION The comparative analysis of immigration experiences in Southern European countries – considering under this designation Greece, Italy, Portugal and Spain – is not a novel exercise. Since the early 1990s, the many similarities of timing and other characteristics of immigration in these countries led to the frequent gathering of researchers and policymakers, from Southern European and other countries, to discuss the theme. During a period that culminated in the turn of the century, several articles, books and special editions of journals were released (see, among others, King and Rybaczuk, 1993; Iosifides and King, 1996; Baganha, 1997; Baldwin-Edwards, 1997; King and Black, 1997; Baldwin-Edwards and Arango, 1999; King, Lazaridis and Tsardanidis, 2000; King, 2002; VV.AA., 2004; Ritaine, 2005; and, more recently, King and Thomson, 2008). Many of these references went so far as to designate these new immigration experiences as a “Southern European model of immigration” (King, 2000), which differed in several ways from the model that predominated in other European host countries during the second half of the 20th century, when the Fordist type of capitalism was dominant. From the late 1990s on, the interest in drawing comparative analysis between the Southern European countries diminished. This is somehow surprising, since the bulk of the inflows to Southern Europe occurred mostly after the late 1990s. Indeed, the framework and underlying immigration factors remained as much the same as before. But during the new century inflows changed some of their characteristics, several new policies were enacted and the overall outcomes of migration, including immigrant’s integration, varied. It seems clear that an updating of those former comparative exercises is currently in need. The IDEA project provided the framework for carrying such an exercise. This report results from the common work carried out by the IDEA Southern European research teams since the middle stages of the project. The group benefited from the overall discussions of the project, intended to provide a comparison between Western, Northern, Southern and Eastern European experiences. Further work was based on the updated reports in each of the countries and comparisons along a pre-established template. This common work culminated in a productive workshop held in Lisbon in January 2009, where the first version of the current report was discussed. Compared to previous comparative exercises on Southern Europe, this report may be considered innovative on two main grounds. First, it updates information existing in previous studies, pertaining to flows, underlying factors, policies, impacts and outcomes. Second, it benefited from the use of the IDEA common framework. One of the main theoretical guiding lines of the project is that the explanation of the “dependent variables”, namely inflows (including immigrants’ demographic characteristics and labour market insertion), policies, impacts and integration outcomes, needs to come across a set of “independent variables”. Among others, the latter include the international context during the formative years (“the generation effect”), the degree of recentness of immigration experiences (the “age effect”), the type of labour demand, the socio-economic regime and the dominant perceptions and attitudes. The current report draws on these variables to describe and explain the Southern experiences, stressing its many commonalities but also some national differences. The next sections are organized as follows. First, the historical background of immigration in Southern Europe will be set, showing evidence of the specificity of both generation and age effects and alluding to the main explanatory factors. Second, a detailed analysis of flows and stocks of foreign immigration will be done. Third, resulting from the centrality of the labour demand variables for explaining immigration in this context, a section will be devoted to labour market mechanisms and immigrants’ labour incorporation. Fourth, the endemic presence of irregular migration in these countries will be described, together with its explanatory factors (including the informal economy and inadequate regulations) and policy attempts to regulate it (ex-post). Next, different aspects of immigration policy will be examined. The fifth section is devoted to labour migration policies; the sixth examines control policies; and the seventh integration and citizenship policies. As it will be seen, in a short time span several policy instruments were enacted in all Southern European countries, confirming at the same time the tentative character of many policies and the need for new approaches, compared to previous European immigration experiences. The eighth section will focus on three types of impacts: demographic, economic and social, particularly reactions from public opinion. Finally, some conclusive remarks will be set, trying to learn from the comparative material and the insights allowed by the IDEA framework. [pp. 4-5