Olympic legacies The U.S. summer games of 1904, 1932, 1984 and 1996

Los académicos olímpicos han comenzado a prestar más atención en los últimos años a los legados olímpicos, es decir, lo que queda de los Juegos Olímpicos después de las ceremonias de clausura. En gran medida, esto es debido a que los crecientes costes de poner en marcha unos Juegos Olímpicos exigen cuentas más claras: los que proporcionan el dinero quieren tener garantías de que no se ha malgastado. Además, el estudio de los legados refuerza la idea de que los Juegos Olímpicos son realmente acontecimientos internacionales importantes, que tienen consecuencias duraderas, especialmente para las ciudades anfitrionas y, en algunos casos, para los países. Los legados pueden ser tangibles e intangibles y todos los Juegos Olímpicos dejan un conjunto de legados que encajan en ambas categorías. Los legados tangibles son aquellos que tienen una presencia física: los estadios y otras instalaciones deportivas, carreteras mejoradas, puentes, aeropuertos y similares, renovación urbana, y desde los años veinte, las villas olímpicas. Por último, hay legados olímpicos que no afectan a la ciudad anfitriona o al país, pero cambian al propio Movimiento Olímpico. Las novedades técnicas, las innovaciones en comunicación, el crecimiento de los intercambios comerciales son ejemplos de esa clase de legados. El Movimiento Olímpico moderno es una maquinaria que funciona constantemente, como cualquier otra actividad cultural en proceso, y los cambios tienen que ocurrir. Cuando se producen cambios significativos en unos juegos olímpicos, ese cambio es parte del legado olímpico. Este artículo se ocupará de los Juegos de Verano celebrados en los EE UU: San Louis 1904, Los Ángeles 1932 y 1984 y los más recientes de Atlanta 1996. Estos juegos ofrecen enseñanzas diferentes en lo que se refiere al impacto en la ciudad anfitriona y la región y por lo tanto nos proporcionan comparaciones interesantesOlympic scholars have in recent years begun to pay more attention to Olympic legacies, that is, what an Olympic Games leaves behind after the closing ceremonies. In large part, this is because the spiraling cost of putting on an Olympic Games demands more accountability; those who provide the money want to be assured that their money has not been wasted. In addition, the study of legacies reinforces the notion that the Olympic Games are truly important world events, with lasting consequences, especially to their host cities and, in some cases, countries. Legacies can be both tangible and intangible, and all Olympic Games leave a complex of legacies that fall into both categories. Tangible legacies are those that have a physical presence: stadia and other sport venues, improved roads, bridges, airports, and the like, urban renewal, and since the 1920s, Olympic villages. Intangible legacies, a bit harder to define or identify, include such things as increased tourism, a friendlier business climate, an enhanced civic pride or self-image, and political reforms. Finally, there are some Olympic legacies that do not affect the host city or country, but change the Olympic movement itself. Technical innovations, communications breakthroughs, and increased commercialism are examples of this kind of legacy. The modern Olympic movement is a continual work in progress, like any other kind of ongoing cultural event, and change is bound to occur. When significant changes take place at one particular Olympic Games, that change becomes part of its legacy. This article will focus on those Summer Games held in the United States, namely the St. Louis Games of 1904, Los Angeles Games of 1932 and 1984, and the more recent Atlanta Games of 1996. Each of these Games offers rather different lessons in terms of their impact on their host city and region and thus provides us with some interesting compariso

Trunk sway in mildly disabled multiple sclerosis patients with and without balance impairment

Multiple sclerosis (MS) causes a broad range of neurological symptoms. Most common is poor balance control. However, knowledge of deficient balance control in mildly affected MS patients who are complaining of balance impairment but have normal clinical balance tests (CBT) is limited. This knowledge might provide insights into the normal and pathophysiological mechanisms underlying stance and gait. We analysed differences in trunk sway between mildly disabled MS patients with and without subjective balance impairment (SBI), all with normal CBT. The sway was measured for a battery of stance and gait balance tests (static and dynamic posturography) and compared to that of age- and sex-matched healthy subjects. Eight of 21 patients (38%) with an Expanded Disability Status Scale of 1.0-3.0 complained of SBI during daily activities. For standing on both legs with eyes closed on a normal and on a foam surface, patients in the no SBI group showed significant differences in the range of trunk roll (lateral) sway angle and velocity, compared to normal persons. Patients in the SBI group had significantly greater lateral sway than the no SBI group, and sway was also greater than normal in the pitch (anterior-posterior) direction. Sway for one-legged stance on foam was also greater in the SBI group compared to the no SBI and normal groups. We found a specific laterally directed impairment of balance in all patients, consistent with a deficit in proprioceptive processing, which was greater in the SBI group than in the no SBI group. This finding most likely explains the subjective symptoms of imbalance in patients with MS with normal CBT

Balance Changes in Patients With Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis: A Pilot Study Comparing the Dynamics of the Relapse and Remitting Phases

Aims: To compare balance changes over time during the relapse phase of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) with balance control during the remitting phase.Methods: Balance control during stance and gait tasks of 24 remitting-phase patients (mean age 43.7 ± 10.5, 15 women, mean EDSS at baseline 2.45 ± 1.01) was examined every 3 months over 9 months and compared to that of nine relapsing patients (age 42.0 ± 12.7, all women, mean EDSS at relapse onset 3.11 ± 0.96) examined at relapse onset and 3 months later. Balance was also compared to that of 40 healthy controls (HCs) (age 39.7 ± 12.6, 25 women). Balance control was measured as lower-trunk sway angles with body-worn gyroscopes. Expanded Disability Status Scale scores (EDSS) were used to monitor, clinically, disease progression.Results: Remitting-phase patients showed more unstable stance balance control than HCs (p < 0.04) with no worsening over the observation period of 9 months. Gait balance control was normal (p > 0.06). Relapsing patients had stance balance control significantly worse at onset compared to remitting-phase patients and HCs (p < 0.04). Gait tasks showed a significant decrease of gait speed and trunk sway in relapsing patients (p = 0.018) compatible with having increased gait instability at normal speeds. Improvement to levels of remitting patients generally took longer than 3 months. Balance and EDSS scores were correlated for remitting but not for relapse patients.Conclusions: Balance in remitting RRMS patients does not change significantly over 9 months and correlated well with EDSS scores. Our results indicate that balance control is a useful measure to assess recovery after a relapse, particularly in patients with unchanged EDSS scores. Based on our results, balance could be considered as additional measurement to assess recovery after a relapse, particularly in patients with unchanged EDSS

An exploratory analysis of the impact of family functioning on treatment for depression in adolescents.

This article explores aspects of family environment and parent-child conflict that may predict or moderate response to acute treatments among depressed adolescents (N = 439) randomly assigned to fluoxetine, cognitive behavioral therapy, their combination, or placebo. Outcomes were Week 12 scores on measures of depression and global impairment. Of 20 candidate variables, one predictor emerged: Across treatments, adolescents with mothers who reported less parent-child conflict were more likely to benefit than their counterparts. When family functioning moderated outcome, adolescents who endorsed more negative environments were more likely to benefit from fluoxetine. Similarly, when moderating effects were seen on cognitive behavioral therapy conditions, they were in the direction of being less effective among teens reporting poorer family environments

Demographic and clinical correlates of autism symptom domains and autism spectrum diagnosis

Demographic and clinical factors may influence assessment of autism symptoms. This study evaluated these correlates and also examined whether social communication and interaction and restricted/repetitive behavior provided unique prediction of autism spectrum disorder diagnosis. We analyzed data from 7352 siblings included in the Interactive Autism Network registry. Social communication and interaction and restricted/repetitive behavior symptoms were obtained using caregiver-reports on the Social Responsiveness Scale. Demographic and clinical correlates were covariates in regression models predicting social communication and interaction and restricted/repetitive behavior symptoms. Logistic regression and receiver operating characteristic curve analyses evaluated the incremental validity of social communication and interaction and restricted/repetitive behavior domains over and above global autism symptoms. Autism spectrum disorder diagnosis was the strongest correlate of caregiver-reported social communication and interaction and restricted/repetitive behavior symptoms. The presence of comorbid diagnoses also increased symptom levels. Social communication and interaction and restricted/repetitive behavior symptoms provided significant, but modest, incremental validity in predicting diagnosis beyond global autism symptoms. These findings suggest that autism spectrum disorder diagnosis is by far the largest determinant of quantitatively measured autism symptoms. Externalizing (attention deficit hyperactivity disorder) and internalizing (anxiety) behavior, low cognitive ability, and demographic factors may confound caregiver-report of autism symptoms, potentially necessitating a continuous norming approach to the revision of symptom measures. Social communication and interaction and restricted/repetitive behavior symptoms may provide incremental validity in the diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder

Validation of Proposed DSM-5 Criteria for Autism Spectrum Disorder

The primary aim of the present study was to evaluate the validity of proposed DSM-5 criteria for Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)

Corticotroph tumor progression after bilateral adrenalectomy (Nelson’s syndrome):systematic review and expert consensus recommendations

Corticotroph tumor progression (CTP) leading to Nelson's syndrome (NS) is a severe and difficult-to-treat complication subsequent to bilateral adrenalectomy (BADX) for Cushing's disease. Its characteristics are not well described, and consensus recommendations for diagnosis and treatment are missing

Structure and Measurement of Depression in Youth: Applying Item Response Theory to Clinical Data

Goals of the paper were to use item response theory (IRT) to assess the relation of depressive symptoms to the underlying dimension of depression and to demonstrate how IRT-based measurement strategies can yield more reliable data about depression severity than conventional symptom counts. Participants were 3403 clinic and nonclinic children and adolescents from 12 contributing samples, all of whom received the Kiddie Schedule of Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for school-aged children. Results revealed that some symptoms reflected higher levels of depression and were more discriminating than others. Results further demonstrated that utilization of IRT-based information about symptom severity and discriminability in the measurement of depression severity can reduce measurement error and increase measurement fidelity