L'ACCESSO ALL'ABITAZIONE DI RESIDENZA: UN'ANALISI MULTILEVEL SULLE FAMIGLIE ITALIANE

Objectives. Income inequalities depend on a large range of components, which influence living conditions of private households. Not all these elements are strictly monetary, and non-monetary components sometimes can be even more important than monetary ones. While international literature has devoted considerable attention to the study of distribution, relevance and inequalities concerning monetary income, the same cannot be said for its non monetary components. Despite this lack of attention in the literature, non monetary components often influence dramatically living conditions of private households. One of the most important component of non-monetary income is imputed rents from owner-occupied housing. The main objective of this article is to evaluate the impact of income advantages deriving from owner occupied housing (from now on IR) on income inequalities of Italian households. Methods. Inequality indices measures considered are: Generalized Entropy and Atkinson class, Gini coefficient and percentile ratio. The analysis was carried out using the data set SILC for Italy on the European Statistics on Income and Living Condition collected for Italy from Istat (the Italian National Institute of Statistics). The data set are referred to year 2004 and consider information regarding income and living condition. Results. The analysis show larger income inequalities between groups, once considered IR. In particularly, main differences emerge comparing owner with loan or mortgage and without it with renting households. In the meanwhile, introducing IR causes reductions in income inequalities within groups. If we analyse the distribution of household type, the introduction of IR produces a decrease in income inequality for all household types. Such a generalized decrease determines, as a consequence, an increase in the inequality between groups (from 11% to 16%). Conclusions. The analysis of income distribution in term of classes of age shows an increase in income inequality between age groups for classes of age including elderly people. This result concern the incidence of owners in those classes of age

Contrasting responses of forest growth and carbon sequestration to heat and drought in the Alps

>Climate change is expected to increase both the frequency and the intensity of climate extremes, consequently increasing the risk of forest role transition from carbon sequestration to carbon emission. These changes are occurring more rapidly in the Alps, with important consequences for tree species adapted to strong climate seasonality and short growing season. In this study, we aimed at investigating the responses of a high-altitude Larix decidua Mill. forest to heat and drought, by coupling ecosystem- and tree-level measurements. From 2012 to 2018, ecosystem carbon and water fluxes (i.e., gross primary production, net ecosystem exchange, and evapotranspiration) were measured by means of the eddy covariance technique, together with the monitoring of canopy development (i.e., larch phenology and normalized difference vegetation index). From 2015 to 2017 we carried out additional observations at the tree level, including stem growth and its duration, direct phenological observations, sap flow, and tree water deficit. Results showed that the warm spells in 2015 and 2017 caused an advance of the phenological development and, thus, of the seasonal trajectories of many processes, at both tree and ecosystem level. However, we did not observe any significant quantitative changes regarding ecosystem gas exchanges during extreme years. In contrast, in 2017 we found a reduction of 17% in larch stem growth and a contraction of 45% of the stem growth period. The growing season in 2017 was indeed characterized by different drought events and by the highest water deficit during the study years. Due to its multi-level approach, our study provided evidence of the independence between C-source (i.e., photosynthesis) and C-sink (i.e., tree stem growth) processes in a subalpine larch forest

Warming permafrost and active layer variability at Cime Bianche, Western European Alps

The objective of this paper is to provide a first synthesis on the state and recent evolution of permafrost at the monitoring site of Cime Bianche (3100 m a.s.l.) on the Italian side of the Western Alps. The analysis is based on 7 years of ground temperature observations in two boreholes and seven surface points. The analysis aims to quantify the spatial and temporal variability of ground surface temperature in relation to snow cover, the small-scale spatial variability of the active layer thickness and current temperature trends in deep permafrost.Results show that the heterogeneity of snow cover thickness, both in space and time, is the main factor controlling ground surface temperatures and leads to a mean range of spatial variability (2.5 ± 0.1 °C) which far exceeds the mean range of observed inter-annual variability (1.6 ± 0.1 °C). The active layer thickness measured in two boreholes at a distance of 30 m shows a mean difference of 2.0 ± 0.1 m with the active layer of one borehole consistently deeper. As revealed by temperature analysis and geophysical soundings, such a difference is mainly driven by the ice/water content in the sub-surface and not by the snow cover regimes. The analysis of deep temperature time series reveals that permafrost is warming. The detected trends are statistically significant starting from a depth below 8 m with warming rates between 0.1 and 0.01 °C yr⁻¹

Epistemología fuera de contexto

La noción de contextualización requiere ser elucidada. Para ello será conveniente compararla con nociones asociadas como las de enjeu o at stake o las de fuerza ilocucionaria y perlocucionaria de un enunciado. Nuestra intención es alegar a favor de la importancia de proponer análisis epistemológicos contextualizados, pero mostrando al mismo tiempo lo elusivo que sigue siendo dentro de las reconstrucciones contextualistas más comunes el captar aspectos relevantes a la validación del conocimiento. En este sentido, discutiremos cómo el posible hiato entre la producción y la validación del conocimiento, entre el descubrimiento y la justificación (distinciones que planteamos a los fines de una discusión analítica y no como admisión acrítica de las mismas) requiere una mayor identificación y explicitación

Modern Learning and Training Tools which can be Properly Adapted and Designed to Reinforce Specialized Courses on Effective Crisis Management

This paper highlights the effectiveness of several modern training tools that could be applied within the context of training organizations, aiming towards the introduction of theoretical and practical fields, like the assessment of critical risks, the impact of time pressure and the importance of situational awareness, into the contents of a training course. The first part deals with present training tendencies and tools like distance and technology-based learning, while it is highlighted that knowledge management has gone through a deep and wide re-orientation. Quality assurance issues regarding education are also of great significance. The second part then studies the psychology of serving in combat or irregular crisis situations. It is about the particularities that compose the military, business or civil protection reality, resulting in new approaches of training courses that pursue excellent performance, particularly in dynamic and changing with high-velocity environments. Concepts like shared-ness of information, maturity in leadership decision making and cognitive task analysis can all determine a new domain of acceptable measures for crisis management training at professional level. The scope ranges from a routine organizational context to rapid response in a larger-scale emergency under pressure, requiring respective training adjustments

Solar UV irradiance in a changing climate: Trends in europe and the significance of spectral monitoring in Italy

Review of the existing bibliography shows that the direction and magnitude of the long-term trends of UV irradiance, and their main drivers, vary significantly throughout Europe. Analysis of total ozone and spectral UV data recorded at four European stations during 1996–2017 reveals that long-term changes in UV are mainly driven by changes in aerosols, cloudiness, and surface albedo, while changes in total ozone play a less significant role. The variability of UV irradiance is large throughout Italy due to the complex topography and large latitudinal extension of the country. Analysis of the spectral UV records of the urban site of Rome, and the alpine site of Aosta reveals that differences between the two sites follow the annual cycle of the differences in cloudiness and surface albedo. Comparisons between the noon UV index measured at the ground at the same stations and the corresponding estimates from the Deutscher Wetterdienst (DWD) forecast model and the ozone monitoring instrument (OMI)/Aura observations reveal differences of up to 6 units between individual measurements, which are likely due to the different spatial resolution of the different datasets, and average differences of 0.5–1 unit, possibly related to the use of climatological surface albedo and aerosol optical properties in the retrieval algorithms

Amaranthus pedersenianus Bayón & C. Peláez

Santa Rosa de Tastil, en las ruinasFil: Ariza Espinar, L. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal; Argentin