Regulating File Sharing: Open Regulation for an Open Internet

Regulators have a choice of approaches available to them in regulating digital copyright issues that lie on a scale between restrictiveness and openness. In a world in which the regulator seems to exclusively rely on entrenching a restrictive approach, this paper questions whether the long-forgotten open approach is worth reconsidering in the digital age. The ideal of cyber socialism is examined in the context of the roots and structure of cyberspace and its state of nature, and digital distribution models operating outside of the existing law are considered. The Creative Commons licenses are evaluated for their suitability in opening the current one-note regulatory regime

Surface Charging of Zinc Oxide During XPS Examination

Surface charging of zinc oxide during XPS examination has been studied. The magnitude of the charge is 0.4-0.6 eV at room temperature and decreases at higher temperature to almost zero (nominal 0.1 eV at 300 °C) . Reproducible BE values can only be achieved after correction for this charging. Possible mechanisms are briefly discussed

Assessing the Relationship Between Vape Use and Cardiovascular Disease Risk

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Consumer preferences for scanning modality to diagnose focal liver lesions

Objectives: Differences in the process of using liver imaging technologies might be important to patients. This study aimed to investigate preferences for scanning modalities used in diagnosing focal liver lesions. Methods: A discrete choice experiment was administered to 504 adults aged 25 years. Respondents made repeated choices between two hypothetical scans, described according to waiting time for scan and results, procedure type, the chance of minor side-effects, and whether further scanning procedures were likely to be required. Choice data were analyzed using mixed-logit models with respondent characteristics used to explain preference heterogeneity. Results: Respondents preferred shorter waiting times, the procedure to be undertaken with a handheld scanner on a couch instead of within a body scanner, no side-effects, and no follow–up scans (p .01). The average respondent was willing to wait an additional 2 weeks for the scan if it resulted in avoiding side-effects, 1.5 weeks to avoid further procedures or to be told the results immediately, and 1 week to have the scan performed on a couch with a handheld scanner. However, substantial heterogeneity was observed in the strength of preference for desirable imaging characteristics. Conclusions: An average individual belonging to a general population sub–group most likely to require imaging to characterize focal liver lesions in the United Kingdom would prefer contrast–enhanced ultrasound over magnetic resonance imaging or computed tomography. Insights into the patient perspective around differential characteristics of imaging modalities have the potential to be used to guide recommendations around the use of these technologies

Development and application of a catchment scale pesticide fate and transport model for use in drinking water risk assessment

This paper describes the development and application of IMPT (Integrated Model for Pesticide Transport), a parameter-efficient tool for predicting diffuse-source pesticide concentrations in surface waters used for drinking water supply. The model was applied to a small UK headwater catchment with high frequency (8 h) pesticide monitoring data and to five larger catchments (479–1653 km2) with sampling approximately every 14 days. Model performance was good for predictions of both flow (Nash Sutcliffe Efficiency generally > 0.59 and PBIAS < 10%) and pesticide concentrations, although low sampling frequency in the larger catchments is likely to mask the true episodic nature of exposure. The computational efficiency of the model, along with the fact that most of its parameters can be derived from existing national soil property data mean that it can be used to rapidly predict pesticide exposure in multiple surface water resources to support operational and strategic risk assessments

Cost-effectiveness analysis of endoscopic eradication therapy for treatment of high-grade dysplasia in Barrett's esophagus

AIM: The aim was to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of endoscopic eradication therapy (EET) with combined endoscopic mucosal resection and radiofrequency ablation for the treatment of high-grade dysplasia (HGD) arising in patients with Barrett's esophagus compared with endoscopic surveillance alone in the UK. MATERIALS & METHODS: The cost-effectiveness model consisted of a decision tree and modified Markov model. A lifetime time horizon was adopted with the perspective of the UK healthcare system. RESULTS: The base case analysis estimates that EET for the treatment of HGD is cost-effective at a GB£20,000 cost-effectiveness threshold compared with providing surveillance alone for HGD patients (incremental cost-effectiveness ratio: GB£1272). CONCLUSION: EET is likely to be a cost-effective treatment strategy compared with surveillance alone in patients with HGD arising in Barrett's esophagus in the UK

Grace and Discipline, Remediation and Punishment: Dealing with Graduate Business Students’ Plagiarism

We draw on theory, biblical Scripture, and practice in this discussion of professors’ and administrators’ response to graduate business students’ plagiarism. First, we discuss why graduate business students plagiarize, using Ajzen’s (1991) theory of planned behavior as a framework for relating antecedents to students’ intentions to plagiarize. Then we discuss professors’ and administrators’ typical assumptions and expectations regarding graduate business students’ plagiarism and explain why such assumptions and expectations may be incorrect. Thirdly, we conceptually explore the nature and appropriateness of professors’ responses to graduate business students’ plagiarism. We advocate a response that applies both grace and discipline and offer biblical support for such an approach. Finally, we describe several implications of the foregoing for graduate degree program features, policies, and practices