537 research outputs found
A Review of Remote Sensing-Based Proxies and Data Processing Methods for Urban Disaster Risk Management
Disaster risk management (DRM) and reduction has been gaining in importance as a result of increasing impacts of natural disasters. Reliable and informative data are the foundation of any comprehensive and effective DRM. Synoptic and multi-type remote sensing has become an essential tool for rapid acquiring of geospatial data, particularly for complex and dynamic urban areas. Accordingly, it has been used for the assessment of all components of the disaster risk cycle, ranging from disaster preparedness to rapid damage assessment. However, due to the complex and multifaceted characteristics of many urban elements, in particular social and economic activities and functions, accurate risk assessment that takes account of the varied and complex set of vulnerabilities and their associated dynamics continues to be very difficult, and direct remote sensing observations are frequently insufficient. Therefore, methods have been developed to indirectly estimate the risk, utilizing image-based proxies. In recent years, using proxies has become a predominant way for such measurements in the DRM field for both pre- and post-disaster phases, at times with similar proxies being used for both situations. For example, the presence of vegetation in urban areas is used as a proxy for both pre-event social vulnerability and for post-disaster recovery assessments. In addition, existing proxies do not sufficiently address all assessment requirements, e.g. there is no proxy for building-based functional damage assessment. Another persistent challenge is the extraction those proxies as a basis for automating the urban DRM process. Although several remote sensing data processing methods have been developed to derive information for DRM in recent years, extracting proxies from remote sensing data requires more accurate results in detecting objects and features. In this study we carried out a comprehensive review of remote sensing-based proxies for different urban DRM phases, identified duplications on efforts, inconsistencies in terminology, but also remaining gaps. With a specific focus on post-disaster recovery assessment, which particularly relies on measures to assess the progress in functions and processes, the review was then used as a basis for the development of new proxies and indicators. The focus is on developing robust proxies to go beyond the physical evaluation perspective, and to extract socio- economic information and functional assessment of urban areas using new strategies, such as multiple-proxies approach, and fusing object- and pattern-based proxies from various remote sensing data, including very-high resolution satellite and aerial images, drone data, LiDAR data. In addition, the reliability of current remote sensing data processing methods in extracting proxies will be discussed, and accordingly how remote sensing data processing methods can contribute to developing reliable proxies will be demonstrated (e.g. using new pattern recognition, texture, and object detection methods)
Remote sensing-based proxies for urban disaster risk management and resilience: A review
Β© 2018 by the authors. Rapid increase in population and growing concentration of capital in urban areas has escalated both the severity and longer-term impact of natural disasters. As a result, Disaster Risk Management (DRM) and reduction have been gaining increasing importance for urban areas. Remote sensing plays a key role in providing information for urban DRM analysis due to its agile data acquisition, synoptic perspective, growing range of data types, and instrument sophistication, as well as low cost. As a consequence numerous methods have been developed to extract information for various phases of DRM analysis. However, given the diverse information needs, only few of the parameters of interest are extracted directly, while the majority have to be elicited indirectly using proxies. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the proxies developed for two risk elements typically associated with pre-disaster situations (vulnerability and resilience), and two post-disaster elements (damage and recovery), while focusing on urban DRM. The proxies were reviewed in the context of four main environments and their corresponding sub-categories: built-up (buildings, transport, and others), economic (macro, regional and urban economics, and logistics), social (services and infrastructures, and socio-economic status), and natural. All environments and the corresponding proxies are discussed and analyzed in terms of their reliability and sufficiency in comprehensively addressing the selected DRM assessments. We highlight strength and identify gaps and limitations in current proxies, including inconsistencies in terminology for indirect measurements. We present a systematic overview for each group of the reviewed proxies that could simplify cross-fertilization across different DRM domains and may assist the further development of methods. While systemizing examples from the wider remote sensing domain and insights from social and economic sciences, we suggest a direction for developing new proxies, also potentially suitable for capturing functional recovery
The implications of alternative developer decision-making strategies on land-use and land-cover in an agent-based land market model
Land developers play a key role in land-use and land cover change, as\ud
they directly make land development decisions and bridge the land and housing\ud
markets. Developers choose and purchase land from rural land owners, develop\ud
and subdivide land into parcel lots, build structures on lots, and sell houses to residential households. Developers determine the initial landscaping states of developed parcels, affecting the state and future trajectories of residential land cover, as well as land market activity. Despite their importance, developers are underrepresented in land use change models due to paucity of data and knowledge regarding their decision-making. Drawing on economic theories and empirical literature, we have developed a generalized model of land development decision-making within a broader agent-based model of land-use change via land markets. Developerβs strategies combine their specialty in developing of particular subdivision types, their perception of and attitude towards market uncertainty, and their learning and adaptation strategies based on the dynamics of the simulated land and housing markets. We present a new agent-based land market model that includes these elements. The model will be used to experiment with these different development decision-making methods and compare their impacts on model outputs, particularly on the quantity and spatial pattern of resultant land use changes. Coupling between the land market and a carbon sequestration model, developed for the larger SLUCE2 project, will allow us, in future work, to examine how different developerβs strategies will affect the carbon balance in residential\ud
landscape
The mechanical treatment as a method of Inorganic substances passive
The mechanopassivation effect of metal (II) oxides crystallizing by the structural type of halite under attrition treatment has been found out.
For the assessment of the activity decrease the following has been investigated: solution and aquation kinetics of CaO and MgO in water and solutions; spinel and calcium carbide formation kinetics using oxides pretreated mechanically by different modes; kinetics of CO2 fixation and thermal desorption from the pretreated oxides surface; magnesia and phosphate cements set rate. It has been determined that the rate of studied processes with the participation of oxides subjected to attrition treatment reduces by a factor of tens and hundreds.
We suppose the cause to be the removal of the rough loosened
layers containing the most of defects from the polycrystalline aggregates surface. As that neighboring zones accommodate, their surfaces flatten and the bonding area rises. Separated smallest particles form compact aggregates. The powder density increase and sharper diffraction reflection form confirm the microstructure regulating. Flat surfaces with lower quantity of defects provoke the hypoactivity in regard to water vapors and carbon dioxide. The substances mechanopassivation study can be used to control the reaction rate with the participation of highly active reagents
Inflation in BrusovΓ’β¬βFilatovaΓ’β¬βOrekhova Theory and in its Perpetuity Limit Γ’β¬β Modigliani Γ’β¬β Miller Theory
In this paper the influence of inflation on capital cost and capitalization of the company within modern theory of capital cost and capital structure Γ’β¬β BrusovΓ’β¬βFilatovaΓ’β¬βOrekhova theory (BFO theory) (Brusov et al. 2011, 2013; Filatova et al., 2008) and within its perpetuity limit Γ’β¬β Modigliani Γ’β¬β Miller theory is investigated. By direct incorporation of inflation into both theories, it is shown for the first time that inflation not only increases the equity cost and the weighted average cost of capital, but as well it changes their dependence on leverage. In particular, it increases growing rate of equity cost with leverage. Capitalization of the company is decreased under accounting of inflation
36 Months Survivability And Its Predictors In Patients With Chronic Heart Failure And Decreased Fraction Of Left Ventricular Ejection Depending On Sex
Aim of the work: to compare survivability parameters during 36 months and their predictors among men and women with chronic heart failure and decreased fraction of left ventricular ejection.Materials and methods: the research included 356 patients with CHF (NYHA ΠΠ βΠV) with decreased LVEF<40 %, 18β75 years old. Using Kaplan-Meier method, there was analyzed the survivability in men and women during 36 months, then there were analyzed independent factors that influenced survivability terms depending on sex using the multiple logistic regression.Results. Our analysis of the survivability of patients with CHF with decreased LVEF demonstrated that the cumulative survival after 3 years of observation was 49 and 51 % for men and women, respectively. The curves of 36 months survivability didn\u27t reliably differ. At the analysis of factors, associated with the bad prognosis, there were observed differences between groups of men and women with CHF. Thus, in men the predictors of 36 month survival were: the thickness of the right ventricle wall, size of the right atrium, end-diastolic volume and end-systolic volume of LV, indices of EDV and ESV of LV, urinary acid level, value of LVEF. In women the predictors of survivability during 3 years were the following parameters: BMI, DM type 2 in an anamnesis, end-diastolic size of LV, end-systolic size of LV, blood glucose level, LVEF.Conclusion. The survivability of men and women with CHF with decreased LVEF during 36 months didn\u27t reliably differ and was 49 and 51 % respectively. But predictors of the lethal outcome in men and women essentially differed during 36 months, and their number is essentially higher in men
The Golden Age of the Company: (Three Colors of Company's Time)
In this paper we investigate the dependence of attracting capital cost on the time of life of company n at various leverage levels, at various values of capital costs with the aim of define of minimum cost of attracting capital. All calculations have been done within modern theory of capital cost and capital structure by Brusov - Filatova - Orekhova (Brusov et al. 2011a,b,c,d,e; 2012 a,b; 2013 a,b,c; 2014 a,b; Filatova et al. 2008).
It is shown for the first time that valuation of WACC in the Modigliani - Miller theory (Modigliani et al. 1958; 1963; 1966) is not minimal and valuation of the company capitalization is not maximal, as all financiers supposed up to now: at some age of the company its WACC value turns out to be lower, than in Modigliani - Miller theory and company capitalization V turns out to be greater, than V in Modigliani - Miller theory.
It is shown that, from the point of view of cost of attracting capital there are two types of dependences of weighted average cost of capital, WACC, on the time of life of company n: monotonic descending with n and descending with passage through minimum, followed by a limited growth. The first type takes place for the companies with low capital costs of the company, characteristic for the western companies. The second type takes place for higher capital costs of the company, characteristic for the Russian companies as well as for companies from other developing countries. This means that latter companies, in contrast to the western ones, can take advantage of the benefits, given at a certain stage of development of company by discovered effect. Moreover, since the "golden age" of company depends on the company's capital costs, by controlling them (for example, by modifying the value of dividend payments, that reflect the equity cost), company may extend the "golden age" of the company, when the cost to attract capital becomes a minimal (less than perpetuity limit), and capitalization of companies becomes maximal (above than perpetuity assessment) up to a specified time interval.
Concluded that existed up to the present conclusions of the results of the theory of Modigliani-Miller (Modigliani et al. 1958; 1963; 1966) in these aspects are incorrect. We discuss the use of opened effects in developing economics (Brusov et al. 2015)
The Intelligent System of the Hearing Investigation
This paper describes a prototype of the intelligent system of the hearing investigation developed by
the Tver State Technical University. The problem of automatic diagnostics, considered as the recognition
problem of object not completely determined on set of the diseases classesβ descriptions, is discussed. The
management strategy of the hearing investigation is proposed
A study of professional motivation of students in the process of pastoral care
The article deals with the problem of studying professional motivation of students-defectologists in the process of pastoral work. In order to change the attitude towards people with disabilities on the part of society, the state implements the βAccessible Environmentβ program, within which social adaptation of people with disabilities takes place. One of the areas of activity under this program presupposes training of high-quality defectological personnel capable of ensuring the highest quality training and the most effective inclusion of people with disabilities in society. At the moment, there are certain requirements that are imposed on higher education institutions in training defecΒtologists.Π ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Ρ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΈΠ·ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠΎΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΡΡΠ΄Π΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ²-Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΊΒΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ² Π² ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ Π²ΠΎΡΠΏΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡ Π² Π²ΡΠ·Π΅
Association between atopic and non-atopic diseases at children.
ΠΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ°ΡΠΈΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρ Π°ΡΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΠΈ Π½Π΅Π°ΡΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌΠΈ Π°Π»Π»Π΅ΡΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌΠΈ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π·Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ Ρ Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΉ.
ΠΠ±Π°ΡΡΡΠΎΠ² Π.Π., ΠΠΈΡΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ²ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ Π.Π., ΠΠ°ΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠΎ Π.Π., ΠΡΠ»ΠΈΠ΅Π²Π° Π., ΠΠΎΠ²ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ Π., Π€ΠΈΠ»Π°ΡΠΎΠ²Π° Π.Π. Π ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅
ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½Ρ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π° Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π·Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ, ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΡΡΠΈΠΌΠΈ Π°ΡΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΠΌΠ°ΡΡ (ΠΠ) Ρ Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΉ β
Π°ΡΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ Π΄Π΅ΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠΌ (ΠΠ), ΡΠ΅Π·ΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΠΌ Π°Π»Π»Π΅ΡΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΡΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²ΠΈΡΠΎΠΌ (Π‘ΠΠ Π) ΠΈ ΠΊΡΡΠ³Π»ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΠΌ
Π°Π»Π»Π΅ΡΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠΎΠΌ (ΠΠΠ ), Π±ΡΠΎΠ½Ρ
ΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π°ΡΡΠΌΠΎΠΉ (ΠΠ) β Ρ Π½Π΅Π°ΡΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌΠΈ Π°Π»Π»Π΅ΡΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌΠΈ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π·Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ β
ΠΎΡΡΡΠΎΠΉ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ΄ΠΈΠ²ΠΈΡΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΊΡΠ°ΠΏΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΠΉ (ΠΠ/Π Π), ΠΎΡΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΠΠ²ΠΈΠ½ΠΊΠ΅ (ΠΠΠ²), Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π·Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΠΈΡΠ΅Π²Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ
ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ (ΠΠ‘) β ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ²Π°ΠΌΠΈ Π±ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ (Π€Π ΠΠ‘) ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΠΌ ΠΏΠ°Π½ΠΊΡΠ΅Π°ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠΌ
(Π Π). ΠΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½Ρ Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρ ΠΠ, ΠΠ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΈΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠΉ Π°Π»Π»Π΅ΡΠ³ΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ (ΠΠ) Ρ Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΉ, ΡΡΠΎ Π·Π°ΡΠΈΠΊΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΎ Π² Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅
ΠΏΡΡΠΌΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ²ΡΠ·ΠΈ. ΠΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½Π° ΠΏΡΡΠΌΠ°Ρ Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ°ΡΠΈΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρ Ρ
ΡΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ Π·Π°Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ
Π²Π΅ΡΡ
Π½ΠΈΡ
Π΄ΡΡ
Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΏΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΈ Π‘ΠΠ Π, ΠΠΠ ΠΈ ΠΠ. ΠΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΎ ΠΎΡΡΡΡΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ²ΡΠ·ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρ Π°ΡΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌΠΈ
ΠΈ Π½Π΅Π°ΡΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌΠΈ Π°Π»Π»Π΅ΡΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌΠΈ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π·Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ. ΠΡΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½Ρ Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρ Π€Π ΠΠ‘, Π Π ΠΈ Π½Π΅Π°ΡΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌΠΈ
Π°Π»Π»Π΅ΡΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌΠΈ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π·Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ Ρ Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΉ β ΠΠ/Π Π, ΠΠΠ²
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