Liquid hot water pretreatment of Arundo Donax: a comparison between batch and a flow-through systems

Lignocellulosic biomass is a valuable alternative raw material to partially substitute oil as both energy and chemical source. For example, polysaccharide constituents of lignocellulosic materials, hemicellulose and cellulose, can be hydrolytically depolymerized using acid catalysts or enzymes, while residual lignin can be used as a source of aromatic building blocks. The kinetic severity of the hydrolysis process can be adjusted to maximize alternatively the yields in fermentable sugars (bioethanol-way) or in chemicals such as furfural, hydroxymethylfurfural, levulinic acid. It is well known that, before performing the main hydrolysis step, a pretreatment stage of the matrix is necessary to cleave the bonds between hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin and to start breaking some of the polysaccharide chains. Liquid hot water (LHW) can be used for the pretreatment of biomass, without adding any acid to the system, thus avoiding the need of any subsequent neutralization step. In order to move toward industrial scale plant for production of energy and bulk chemicals from biomasses, continuous systems are desirable. An intermediate step toward the design of a continuous layout is constituted by semi-continuous processes. In this study, we have performed the LHW pretreatment of Arundo Donax (giant reed) in two different systems: a microwave (MW)-assisted batch reactor, where high heating rate can be achieved leading rapidly the system at the operative conditions of the pretreatment, and a fast heating flow-through layout in which the flow rate of the process water stream can be tuned. The achieved results highlight that in the microwave (MW)-assisted batch reactor good hemicelluloses solubilization, little sugar degradation and insignificant lignin and cellulose fractionation can be obtained by optimizing reaction temperature and time and that in the flow-through system high biomass conversion as well as very limited formation of degradation products can be obtained by adjusting the flow rate of the treatment water

An investigation into CLIL-related sections of EFL coursebooks : issues of CLIL inclusion in the publishing market

The current ELT global coursebook market has embraced CLIL as a weak form of bilingual education and an innovative component to include in General English coursebooks for EFL contexts. In this paper I investigate how CLIL is included in ELT coursebooks aimed at teenaged learners, available to teachers in Argentina. My study is based on the content analysis of four series which include a section advertised as CLIL-oriented. Results suggest that such sections are characterised by (1) little correlation between featured subject specific content and school curricula in L1, (2) oversimplification of contents, and (3) dominance of reading skills development and lower-order thinking tasks. Through this study, I argue that CLIL components become superficial supplements rather than a meaningful attempt to promote weak forms of bilingual education

Shift-Volatility Transmission in East Asian Equity Markets

This paper attempts to provide evidence of "shift-volatility" transmission in the East Asian equity markets. By shift-volatility, we mean the volatility shifts from a low level to a high level, corresponding respectively to tranquil and crisis periods. We examine the interdependence of equity volatilities between Hong-Kong, Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand and the United States. Our main issue is whether shift-volatility needs to be considered as a regional phenomenon, or from a more global perspective. We find that the timing/spans of high volatility regimes correspond adequately to years historically documented as those of crises (the Asian crisis and the years following the 2008 crisis). Moreover, we suggest different indicators that could be useful to guide the investors in their arbitrage behavior in the different regimes: the duration of each state, the sensitivity of the volatility in a market following a change in the volatility in another market. Finally, we are able to identify which market can be considered as leading markets in terms of volatility

Platelet-rich plasma induces post-natal maturation of immature articular cartilage and correlates with LOXL1 activation

Platelet-­rich plasma (PRP) is used to stimulate the repair of acute and chronic cartilage damage even though there is no definitive evidence of how this is achieved. Chondrocytes in injured and diseased situations frequently re­ express phenotypic biomarkers of immature cartilage so tissue maturation is a potential pathway for restoration of normal structure and function. We used an in vitro model of growth factor­induced maturation to perform a comparative study in order to determine whether PRP can also induce this specific form of remodeling that is characterised by increased cellular proliferation and tissue stiffness. Gene expression patterns specific for maturation were mimicked in PRP treated cartilage, with chondromodulin, collagen types II/X downregulated, deiodinase II and netrin­1 upregulated. PRP increased cartilage surface cell density 1.5­fold (P < 0.05), confirmed by bromodeoxyuridine incorporation and proportionate increases in proliferating cell nuclear antigen gene expression. Atomic force microscopy analysis of PRP and growth factor treated cartilage gave a 5­fold increase in stiffness correlating with a 10­fold upregulation of lysyl oxidase like­1 gene expression (P < 0.001). These data show PRP induces key aspects of post­natal maturation in immature cartilage and provides the basis to evaluate a new biological rationale for its activity when used clinically to initiate joint repair

Electrochemical incineration of oxalic acid in the presence of NaCl

Recent researches have demonstrated that electrochemical methods offer an attractive alternative to traditional routes for treating wastewaters containing toxic or/and refractory organic pollutants. The effectiveness of the electrochemical treatment depends on many factors including the presence in solution of specie able to act as mediators. In particular, the effect of chloride ions on the performances of the process has been the object of numerous researches. However, up to now, many practical and theoretical aspects about this argument are not completely clear. In the present work, the anodic incineration of oxalic acid (OA) in the presence of NaCl has been investigated with the aim of studying in a systematic way the influence of numerous parameters, such as the current density, the flow rate, the OA, the NaCl concentrations and the pH on the performances of the process and to individuate the optimal operative conditions. Oxalic acid was chosen as model substrate for its low reactivity toward anodic oxidation, which also results in an incomplete mineralization of more complex organics. Furthermore, the oxidation of this simple molecule does not involve the formation of stable intermediates thus giving rise to a more easy rationalizing of experimental results. Since the effect of NaCl on the process is expected to depend on the nature of the electrodic material, two very different anodes were used: the Ti/IrO2-Ta2O5 which presents a quite low oxygen overpotential and boron doped diamond (BDD) which is probably one of the more promising materials for the electrochemical incineration

10-Year Survival and Clinical Improvement of Meniscal Allograft Transplantation in Early to Moderate Knee Osteoarthritis

Background: Meniscal allograft transplantation (MAT) is a viable option for patients experiencing unicompartmental knee pain after total or subtotal meniscectomy. Nonetheless, caution is recommended when suggesting this procedure in the presence of knee osteoarthritis (OA) because of the higher risk of poor survival and outcomes. Purpose/Hypothesis: The purpose was to document the long-term survival of MAT performed as a salvage procedure in patients with knee OA. The hypothesis was that MAT would significantly reduce pain and increase the function of the affected joint at a long-term follow-up compared with the preoperative condition, with a low number of failures and knee replacement surgeries. Study Design: Case series; Level of evidence, 4. Methods: A total of 47 patients (37 men and 10 women) with symptomatic knee OA (Kellgren-Lawrence grades 2 or 3) treated with MAT were evaluated at baseline, 5 years, and a minimum 10-year final follow-up (11.1 ± 1 years) using the Lysholm score, the visual analog scale for pain, the Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score subscales, and the Tegner score. A total of 44 patients had undergone previous surgeries. Patient satisfaction, revision surgeries, and failures were also recorded. Results: A statistically significant improvement was observed in all clinical scores from the baseline assessment to the final follow-up. The Lysholm score improved significantly from 46.4 ± 17.2 at the preoperative assessment to 77.7 ± 20.4 at the intermediate follow-up (P <.001), with a significant decrease at the final follow-up (71 ± 23.3; P =.018). A similar trend was reported for the visual analog scale scale for pain, Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score, and Tegner score, with no complete recovery to the previous sports activity level. A total of 33 patients required concurrent procedures, such as anterior cruciate ligament reconstructions, osteotomies, and cartilage procedures. Five patients underwent reoperation and were considered surgical failures, while 15 patients presented a clinical condition of <65 of the Lysholm score and were considered clinical failures. Among these, 4 patients were considered both surgical and clinical failures. Conclusion: MAT surgery has proven to be a valid option for improving pain and function even in OA joints (Kellgren-Lawrence grades 2 or 3), yielding satisfactory results despite a worsening clinical outcome in the long-term follow-up. Therefore, based on the data from this study, orthopaedic surgeons may consider recommending MAT as a salvage procedure even in knees affected by early to moderate OA, while advising patients that the need for combined interventions could potentially reduce graft survival

Macro-financial linkages and bank behaviour: evidence from the second-round effects of the global financial crisis on East Asia

This paper studies the link between macro-financial variability and bank behaviour, which justifies the second-round effects of the global financial crisis on East Asia. Following Gallego et al. (The impact of the global economic and financial crisis on Central Eastern and South Eastern Europe (CESEE) and Latin America, 2010), the second round effects are defined as the adverse feedback loop from the slumps in economic activities and sharp financial market deterioration, which may influence the financial performance of bank, inter alia via deteriorating credit quality, declining profitability and increasing problems in retaining necessary capitalization. Differentiating itself from other research, this study stresses adjustments in four dimensions of bank performance and behaviour: asset quality, profitability, capital adequacy, and lending behaviour, assuming that any change in a bank-specific characteristic is induced by endogenous adjustments of the others. The empirical results based on partial adjustment models and two-step system GMM estimation show that bank’s adjustment behaviour is subject to the variation in the macro-financial environment and the stress condition in the global financial market. There is no convincing evidence to support the effectiveness of policy rate cut to boots bank lending and to avoid a financial accelerator effect

Impact of isolation procedures on the development of a preclinical synovial fibroblasts/macrophages in an in vitro model of osteoarthritis

There is a lack of in vitro models able to properly represent osteoarthritis (OA) synovial tissue (ST). We aimed to characterize OA ST and to investigate whether a mechanical or enzymatic digestion procedures influence synovial cell functional heterogeneity in vitro. Procedures using mechanical nondigested fragments (NDF), synovial digested fragments (SDF), and filtrated synovial digested cells (SDC) were compared. An immunophenotypic profile was performed to distinguish synovial fibroblasts (CD55, CD73, CD90, CD106), macrophages (CD14, CD68), M1-like (CD80, CD86), and M2-like (CD163, CD206) synovial macrophages. Pro-inflammatory (interleukin 6 IL6), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), chemokine C-C motif ligand 3 (CCL3/MIP1α), C-X- motif chemokine ligand 10 (CXCL10/IP10) and anti-inflammatory (interleukin 10 (IL10)), transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGFβ1), C-C motif chemokine ligand 18 (CCL18) cytokines were evaluated. CD68 and CD163 markers were higher in NDF and SDF compared to the SDC procedure, while CD80, CD86, and CD206 were higher only in NDF compared to the SDC procedure. Synovial fibroblast markers showed similar percentages. TNFα, CCL3/MIP1α, CXCL10/IP10, and CCL18 were higher in NDF compared to SDC, but not compared to SDF. IL10 and TGFβ1 were higher in NDF than SDC at the molecular level, while IL6 did not show differences among procedures. We demonstrated that NDF isolation procedures better preserved the heterogeneity of specific OA synovial populations (fibroblasts, macrophages), fostering their use for testing new cell therapies or drugs for OA, reducing or avoiding the use of animal models

Osteochondral transplantation using autografts from the upper tibio-fibular joint for the treatment of knee cartilage lesions

Purpose Treatment of large cartilage lesions of the knee in weight-bearing areas is still a controversy and challenging topic. Autologous osteochondral mosaicplasty has proven to be a valid option for treatment but donor site morbidity with most frequently used autografts remains a source of concern. This study aims to assess clinical results and safety profile of autologous osteochondral graft from the upper tibio-fibular joint applied to reconstruct symptomatic osteochondral lesions of the knee. Methods Thirty-one patients (22 men and 9 women) with grade 4 cartilage lesions in the knee were operated by mosaicplasty technique using autologous osteochondral graft from the upper tibio-fibular joint, between 1998 and 2006. Clinical assessment included visual analog scale (VAS) for pain and Lysholm score. All patients were evaluated by MRI pre- and post-operatively regarding joint congruency as good, fair (inferior to 1 mm incongruence), and poor (incongruence higher than 1 mm registered in any frame). Donor zone status was evaluated according to specific protocol considering upper tibio-fibular joint instability, pain, neurological complications, lateral collateral ligament insufficiency, or ankle complaints. Results Mean age at surgery was 30.1 years (SD 12.2). In respect to lesion sites, 22 were located in weight-bearing area of medial femoral condyle, 7 in lateral femoral condyle, 1 in trochlea, and 1 in patella. Mean follow-up was 110.1 months (SD 23.2). Mean area of lesion was 3.3 cm 2 (SD 1.7), and a variable number of cylinders were used, mean 2.5 (SD 1.3). Mean VAS score improved from 47.1 (SD 10.1) to 20.0 (SD 11.5); p = 0.00. Similarly, mean Lysholm score increased from 45.7 (SD 4.5) to 85.3 (SD 7.0); p = 0.00. The level of patient satisfaction was evaluated, and 28 patients declared to be satisfied/very satisfied and would do surgery again, while 3 declared as unsatisfied with the procedure and would not submit to surgery again. These three patients had lower clinical scores and kept complaints related to the original problem but unrelated to donor zone. MRI score significantly improved at 18–24 months comparing with pre-operative (p = 0.004). No radiographic or clinical complications related to donor zone with implication in activity were registered. Conclusions This work corroborates that mosaicplasty technique using autologous osteochondral graft from the upper tibio-fibular joint is effective to treat osteochondral defects in the knee joint. No relevant complications related to donor zone were registered

The Minimal Clinically Important Difference Changes Greatly Based on the Different Calculation Methods

Background: The minimal clinically important difference (MCID) for patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) expresses both the extent of the improvement and the value that patients place on it. MCID use is becoming increasingly widespread to understand the clinical efficacy of a given treatment, define guidelines for clinical practice, and properly interpret trial results. However, there is still large heterogeneity in the different calculation methods. Purpose: To calculate and compare the MCID threshold values of a PROM by applying various methods and analyzing their effect on the study results interpretation. Study Design: Cohort study (Diagnosis); Level of evidence, 3. Methods: The data set used to investigate the different MCID calculation approaches was based on a database of 312 patients affected by knee osteoarthritis and treated with intra-articular platelet-rich plasma. MCID values were calculated on the International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) subjective score at 6 months using 2 approaches: 9 methodologies referred to an anchor-based approach and 8 methodologies to a distribution-based approach. The obtained threshold values were applied to the same series of patients to understand the effect of using different MCID methods in evaluating patient response to treatment. Results: The different methods employed led to MCID values ranging from 1.8 to 25.9 points. The anchor-based methods ranged from 6.3 to 25.9, while the distribution-based ones were from 1.8 to 13.8 points, showing a 4.1× variation of the MCID values within the anchor-based methods and a 7.6× variation within the distribution-based methods. The percentage of patients who reached the MCID for the IKDC subjective score changed based on the specific calculation method used. Among the anchor-based methods, this value varied from 24.0% to 66.0%, while among the distribution-based methods, the percentage of patients reaching the MCID varied from 44.6% to 75.9%. Conclusion: This study proved that different MCID calculation methods lead to highly heterogeneous values, which significantly affect the percentage of patients achieving the MCID in a given population. The wide-ranging thresholds obtained with the different methodologies make it difficult to evaluate the real effectiveness of a given treatment questioning the usefulness of MCID, as currently available, in the clinical research