How entrepreneurial are social entrepreneurship education providers? The role of universities’ entrepreneurial ecosystems in the provision of elective social entrepreneurship courses to business students

With the growing emphasis on social entrepreneurship (SE), many universities are delivering social entrepreneurship courses (SECs) to develop students’ social awareness and aspirations, and socially-entrepreneurial behaviors. This study investigates the extent to which the entrepreneurial ecosystem (EE), entailing entrepreneurism at individual, university and regional levels, may impact on universities’ decisions to offer SECs to business students. Using data from 501 US-based, AACSB-accredited business schools, the finding indicates the importance of the universities’ EE and entrepreneurialism at multi-levels in their commitment to SECs

The Role of Entrepreneurship and Spirituality in the Provision of Elective Social Enterprise Courses in Business Schools

The final chapter in this section, chapter ten, Cherry Cheung, Sujun Fieldhouse and Caleb Kwong examine the extent to which the spirituality of a university may impact its decision to offer social enterprise courses as part of their business curriculum. Universities face increasing pressures from stakeholders to produce moral, civically aware and socially responsible citizens who will create positive change in their societies. Because of their concern and focus on social, economic, environmental and now spiritual ‘bottom-lines’, social enterprises courses are seen as one way of engaging in the conversations to examine transformational shifts in society. Using data from 494 business schools accredited by AACSB in the US, Cheung, Fieldhouse and Kwong found that, alongside structural differences, universities with higher entrepreneurship orientation, as well as the presence of spirituality markers, such as sustainability, diversity and religious orientations, are more likely to be offering social enterprise courses for business students, after controlling for other factors. This is an important finding, confirming that spirituality has a role to play in supporting a broader education experience that has the potential to develop socially responsible citizens who have the awareness to create transformational social changes. Thus, the study alerts the wider academic community of the contributions that social enterprise courses can make in creating social change, particularly for those without a strong emphasis of spirituality that may struggle to see the need to offer such courses

Experiences of evidence presentation in court: an insight into the practice of crime scene examiners in England, Wales and Australia

Background: The ability to present complex forensic evidence in a courtroom in a manner that is fully comprehensible to all stakeholders remains problematic. Individual subjective interpretations may impede a collective and correct understanding of the complex environments and the evidence therein presented to them. This is not fully facilitated or assisted in any way with current non-technological evidence presentation methods such as poor resolution black and white photocopies or unidimensional photographs of complex 3D environments. Given the wide availability of relatively cheap technology, such as tablets, smartphones and laptops, there is evidence to suggest that individuals are already used to receiving visually complex information in relatively short periods of time such as is available in a court hearing. courtrooms could learn from this more generic widespread use of technology and have demonstrated their ability to do so in part by their adoption of the use of tablets for Magistrates. The aim of this current study was to identify the types of digital technology being used in courts and to obtain data from police personnel presenting digital evidence in court. Results: A questionnaire study was conducted in this research to explore current technology used within courtrooms from the perspective of crime scene personnel involved in the presentation of complex crime scene evidence. The study demonstrated that whilst many of the participants currently utilize high-end technological solutions to document their crime scenes, such as 360° photography or laser scanning technologies, their ability to present such evidence was hindered or prevented. This was most likely due to either a lack of existing technology installed in the court, or due to a lack of interoperability between new and existing technology. Conclusion: This study has contributed to this academic field by publishing real life experiences of crime scene examiner’s, who have used advanced technology to record and evaluate crime scenes but are limited in their scope for sharing this information with the court due to technological insufficiency. Contemporary recording techniques have provided the opportunity for further review of crime scenes, which is considered to be a valuable property over previous documentation practice, which relied upon the competency of the investigator to comprehensively capture the scene, often in a single opportunity

The adaptation of a 360° camera utilising an alternate light source (ALS) for the detection of biological fluids at crime scenes.

One of the most important and commonly encountered evidence types that can be recovered at crime scenes are biological fluids. Due to the ephemeral nature of biological fluids and the valuable DNA that they can contain, it is fundamental that these are documented extensively and recovered rapidly. Locating and identifying biological fluids can prove a challenging task but can aid in reconstructing a sequence of events. Alternate light sources (ALS) offer powerful non-invasive methods for locating and enhancing biological fluids utilising different wavelengths of light. Current methods for locating biological fluids using ALS's may be time consuming, as they often require close range searching of potentially large crime scenes. Subsequent documentation using digital cameras and alternate light sources can increase the investigation time and due to the cameras low dynamic range, photographs can appear under or over exposed. This study presents a technique, which allows the simultaneous detection and visualisation of semen and saliva utilising a SceneCam 360° camera (Spheron VR AG), which was adapted to integrate a blue Crime Lite XL (Foster+Freeman). This technique was investigated using different volumes of semen and saliva, on porous and non-porous substrates, and the ability to detect these at incremental distances from the substrate. Substrate type and colour had a significant effect on the detection of the biological fluid, with limited fluid detection on darker substrates. The unique real-time High Dynamic range (HDR) ability of the SceneCam significantly enhanced the detection of biological fluids where background fluorescence masked target fluorescence. These preliminary results are presented as a proof of concept for combining 360° photography using HDR and an ALS for the detection of biological stains, within a scene, in real time, whilst conveying spatial relationships of staining to other evidence. This technique presents the opportunity to presumptively screen a crime scene for biological fluids and will facilitate simultaneous location and visualisation of biological evidence

The Reed-Stanton press rig for the generation of reproducible fingermarks : towards a standardised methodology for fingermark research

In the search for better or new methods/techniques to visualise fingermarks or to analyse them exploiting their chemical content, fingermarks inter-variability may hinder the assessment of the method effectiveness. Variability is due to changes in the chemical composition of the fingermarks between different donors and within the same donor, as well as to differential contact time, pressure and angle. When validating a method or comparing it with existing ones, it is not always possible to account for this type of variability. One way to compensate for these issues is to employ, in the early stages of the method development, a device generating reproducible fingermarks. Here the authors present their take on such device, as well as quantitatively describing its performance and benefits against the manual production of marks. Finally a short application is illustrated for the use of this device, at the method developmental stages, in an emerging area of fingerprinting research concerning the retrieval of chemical intelligence from fingermarks

Intracellular \u3cem\u3eListeria monocytogenes\u3c/em\u3e Comprises a Minimal but Vital Fraction of the Intestinal Burden Following Foodborne Infection

Listeria monocytogenes is a highly adaptive bacterium that replicates as a free-living saprophyte in the environment as well as a facultative intracellular pathogen that causes invasive foodborne infections. The intracellular life cycle of L. monocytogenes is considered to be its primary virulence determinant during mammalian infection; however, the proportion of L. monocytogenes that is intracellular in vivo has not been studied extensively. In this report, we demonstrate that the majority of wild-type (strain EGDe) and mouse-adapted (InlAm-expressing) L. monocytogenes recovered from the mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN) was extracellular within the first few days after foodborne infection. In addition, significantly lower burdens of L. monocytogenes were recovered from the colon, spleen, and liver of gentamicin-treated mice than of control mice. This led us to investigate whether intracellular replication of L. monocytogenes was essential during the intestinal phase of infection. We found that lipoate protein ligase-deficient L. monocytogenes (ΔlplA1) mutants, which display impaired intracellular growth, were able to colonize the colon but did not persist efficiently and had a significant defect in spreading to the MLN, spleen, and liver. Together, these data indicate that the majority of the L. monocytogenes burden in the gastrointestinal tract is extracellular, but the small proportion of intracellular L. monocytogenes is essential for dissemination to the MLN and systemic organs

Collaborative practise in forensic science and academia: the development of a documentation strategy for fingerprint examinations in an English fingerprint bureau in the ISO 17025 era

The mandatory introduction of ISO 17,025 accreditation to fingerprint comparisons forced changes to the documentation procedures. Academic and grey literature consistently suggest that the documentation should provide a sufficient auditable trail, yet there is some dissimilarity in the guidance relating to documentation content, and subjectivity with its interpretation. The accreditation body, UK Accreditation Service (UKAS), was not prescriptive in the methods required to produce working notes and were open to different practises, which has provided a useful opportunity to compare approaches to casework and to work with practitioners to inform effective practise. The research team carried out a gap analysis between pre-accreditation operational documentation practise and an ACE-V checklist, which was a summary of best practise guidance on documentation content. A white box study included thirty-one fingerprint examiners from six institutions, who were asked to undertake an ‘Analysis’ of eight friction ridge impressions. Participants were asked to produce working notes using their pre-accreditation documentation approach and a piece of software called ‘PiAnoS’, which prompted mark annotation and an assessment of mark quality. The notes were compared to the ACE-V checklist to determine which of the documentary suggestions were considered to obtain an understanding of experts’ decision making. The results were used to develop a documentation strategy for an operational English fingerprint bureau, referred to as a “Mark Analysis Form”. It consisted of content from the ACE-V checklist, supported by literature, and which received high response rates from experts alongside discussions by the research team to determine its relevance in the documentation strategy. The strategy met with the ISO 17,025 standard, evidenced by UKAS approval, and is currently used for casework

Noise reduction of automobile cooling fan based on bio-inspired design

This study aims to minimize the noise generated by automobile cooling fans. Fan blade structures with ridged surfaces based on bio-inspired principles are 3D printed and used to replace the conventional fan blades. The effect of the bio-inspired ridge structures on the noise reduction of the cooling fan is demonstrated by orthogonal experiments in a semi-anechoic chamber. Experimental results show that with an increase in the rotational speed, the effect of the surface textures on the acoustic performance of the cooling fan becomes more significant. For example, at a fan speed of 1750 r/min, all the bio-inspired blade designs reduce noise compared with the original fan and, in particular, the sound pressure level is reduced by 3.83 dB(A) for the design with a ridge width of 4 mm and a ridge pitch of 15 mm. Through variance analysis of the measured noise, the ridge pitch distance has the most significant impact on noise reduction under low speed conditions whilst, under high speed conditions, the ridge width has the most significant influence. In addition to the experimental studies, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations of the cooling fan are carried out to explain the mechanism of noise reduction for the ridged fan blades. When the fan runs, the horseshoe vortexes generated by the ridge structures disturb the flow of the boundary layer, reduce the influence of the fluid flow on the boundary layer, and delay the transition of the fan blade laminar flow to turbulence. It is also seen that there is a reduction of the intensity of the fan blade trailing edge vortices and the scale of the secondary vortices, thereby achieving the overall aim of noise reduction. This research has significance in the noise reduction design of automobile cooling fans