Population dynamics and seasonal trend of California red scale (Aonidiella aurantii Maskell) in citrus in Northern Spain

The California red scale, Aonidiella aurantii (Maskell), was first detected in citrus groves in Catalonia, Northern Spain, in 2000, and has since spread slowly and irregularly. New foci of infestation are currently found in citrus-growing areas of southern Tarragona. As Catalonia is the northernmost citrus growing area in Spain, between 2002 and 2009, A. aurantii population dynamics and seasonal trends were studied in two citrus groves and compared with other regions and countries. The population dynamics showed that there were four male flights (including that of the overwintering generation): in May, mid June-mid July, August and October, the most abundant being that of August (over 60% of the males captured during the year). The thermal constant estimated between male flights, using 11.7°C as the lower threshold temperature, was 611.8 ± 35.5 degree-days. Three peaks of 1st and 2nd nymph instars were observed: in early June, late July-early August, and late September. The number of crawlers captured on sticky tapes reached a first maximum on 27th May (± 1.85 days). The male flight abundance showed a positive relationship between two consecutive generations, revealing the stability of A. aurantii populations.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

The Influence of Host Fruit and Temperature on the Body Size of Adult Ceratitis capitata (Diptera: Tephritidae) under Laboratory and Field conditions

The adult body size of the Mediterranean fruit ßy, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Tephritidae), varies in natural conditions. Body size is an important Þtness indicator in the Mediterranean fruit ßy;largerindividuals are more competitive at mating and have a greater dispersion capacity and fertility. Both temperature during larval development and host fruit quality have been cited as possible causes for this variation.We studied the inßuence of host fruit and temperature during larval development on adult body size (wing area) in the laboratory, and determined body size variation in Þeld populations of the Mediterannean fruit ßy in eastern Spain. Field ßies measured had two origins: 1) ßies periodically collected throughout the year in Þeld traps from 32 citrus groves, during the period 2003Ð2007; and 2) ßies evolved from different fruit species collected between June and December in 2003 and 2004. In the lab, wing area of male and female adults varied signiÞcantly with temperature during larval development, being larger at the lowest temperature. Adult size also was signiÞcantly different depending on the host fruit in which larvae developed. The size of the ßies captured at the Þeld, either from traps or from fruits, varied seasonally showing a gradual pattern of change along the year. The largest individuals were obtained during winter and early spring and the smallest during late summer. In Þeld conditions, the size of the adult Mediterannean fruit ßy seems apparently more related with air temperature than with host fruit. The implications of this adult size pattern on the biology ofC. capitata and on the application of the sterile insect technique are discussed.We thank Apostolos Pekas for his useful comments on previous versions of the manuscript. This work was supported by the project RTA03-103-C6-3 assigned to F. G. M. from the Ministerio de Educacion y Ciencia of Spain.Navarro Campos, C.; Martínez Ferrer, MT.; Campos, J.; Fibla, JM.; Alcaide, J.; Bargues Desolmes, L.; Marzal Moreno, C.... (2011). The Influence of Host Fruit and Temperature on the Body Size of Adult Ceratitis capitata (Diptera: Tephritidae) under Laboratory and Field conditions. Environmental Entomology. 90(4):931-938. https://doi.org/10.1603/EN10302S931938904Albajes R. Santiago-Alvarez C. 1980. Influencia de la temperatura en el desarrollo de Ceratitis capitata (Diptera: Trypetidae). An. INIA. 13: 183–190.Angilletta, Jr.,, M. J., & Dunham, A. E. (2003). The Temperature‐Size Rule in Ectotherms: Simple Evolutionary Explanations May Not Be General. The American Naturalist, 162(3), 332-342. doi:10.1086/377187Arita L.H. Kaneshiro K.Y. 1988. Body size and differential mating success between males of two populations of the Mediterranean fruit fly. Pac. Sci. 42: 173–177.Atkinson D. 1994. Temperature and organism size: a biological law for ectotherms?. Adv. Ecol. Res. 25: 1–58.Atkinson, D., & Sibly, R. M. (1997). Why are organisms usually bigger in colder environments? Making sense of a life history puzzle. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 12(6), 235-239. doi:10.1016/s0169-5347(97)01058-6Back E.A. Pemberton C.E. 1918. The mediterranean fruit fly. U.S. Dep. Agric. Bull. 640: 1–43.BLAY, S., & YUVAL, B. (1997). Nutritional correlates of reproductive success of male Mediterranean fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae). Animal Behaviour, 54(1), 59-66. doi:10.1006/anbe.1996.0445Bodenheimer F.S. 1951. Citrus entomology in the Middle East. W. Junk. The Hague, Netherlands. 1–663.Calkins C.O. 1984. The importance of understanding fruit fly mating behavior in sterile male release programs (Diptera: Tephritidae). Folia Entomol. Mexicana. 61: 205–213.Carey J.R. 1984. Host-specific demographic studies of the Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata . Ecol. Entomol. 9: 261–270.Chapman R.F. 1998. The insects: structure and function. 4th ed. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom.Christenson, L. D., & Foote, R. H. (1960). Biology of Fruit Flies. Annual Review of Entomology, 5(1), 171-192. doi:10.1146/annurev.en.05.010160.001131Churchill-Stanland, C., Stanland, R., Wong, T. T. Y., Tanaka, N., McInnis, D. O., & Dowell, R. V. (1986). Size as a Factor in the Mating Propensity of Mediterranean Fruit Flies, Ceratitis capitata (Diptera: Tephritidae), in the Laboratory. Journal of Economic Entomology, 79(3), 614-619. doi:10.1093/jee/79.3.614Danthanarayana W. 1976. Environmentally cued size variation in the light-brown apple moth, Epiphyas postvittana (Walk.) (Tortricidae), and its adaptive value in dispersal. Oecologia. 26: 121–132.Davidowitz G. Nijhout H.F. 2004. The physiological basis of reaction norms: the interaction among growth rate, the duration of growth and body size. Integr. Comp. Biol. 144: 443–449.Davidowitz G.L. D'Amico J. Nijhout H.F. 2004. The effects of environmental variation on a mechanism that controls insect body size. Evol. Ecol. Res. 6: 49–62.Debouzie D. 1977. Etude de la competition larvaire chez Ceratitis capitata (Dyptère, Trypetidae). Arch. Zool. Exp. Gen. 118: 315–334.Diamond, S. E., & Kingsolver, J. G. (2010). Environmental Dependence of Thermal Reaction Norms: Host Plant Quality Can Reverse the Temperature‐Size Rule. The American Naturalist, 175(1), 1-10. doi:10.1086/648602Eberhard W. 2000. Sexual behavior and sexual selection in the Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Dacinae: Ceratitidini) In . Aluja M. Norrbom A. Fruit Flies (Tephritidae): Phylogeny and Evolution of Behavior. CRC, Boca Raton, FL.Edgar, B. A. (2006). How flies get their size: genetics meets physiology. Nature Reviews Genetics, 7(12), 907-916. doi:10.1038/nrg1989Fletcher B.S. 1989a. Movements of tephritid fruit flies, pp. 209–219 In . Robinson A.S. Hooper G. World crop pests, vol. 3B. Fruits flies, their biology, natural enemies and control. Elsevier, Amsterdam.Fletcher B.S. 1989b. Life History Strategies of Tephritid fruit flies, pp. 195–208 In . Robinson A.S. Hooper G. World crop pests, vol. 3B. Fruits flies, their biology, natural enemies and control. Elsevier, Amsterdam.Gilchrist A.S. Crisafulli D.C. 2006. Using variation in wing shape to distinguish between wild and mass-reared individuals of Queensland fruit fly, Bactrocera tryoni . Entomol. Exp. Appl. 119: 175–178.Gilchrist A.S. Partridge L. 2001. The contrasting genetic architecture of wing size and shape in Drosophila melanogaster . Heredity. 86: 144–152.Gómez Clemente F. Planes S. 1952. Algunas notas sobre la ecología de Ceratitis capitata en el Levante español sobre naranjos. Bol. Patol. Veg. Entomol. Agric. 19: 37–48.Hasson O. Rossler Y. 2002. Character-specific homeostasis dominates fluctuating asymmetries in the medfly (Diptera: Tephritidae). Fla. Entomol. 85: 73–82.HOFFMANN, A. A., RATNA, E., SGRÒ, C. M., BARTON, M., BLACKET, M., HALLAS, R., … WEEKS, A. R. (2007). Antagonistic selection between adult thorax and wing size in field released Drosophila melanogaster independent of thermal conditions. Journal of Evolutionary Biology, 20(6), 2219-2227. doi:10.1111/j.1420-9101.2007.01422.xInglesfield C. 1982. Larval hosts, adult body size and population quality in Ceratitis capitata Wied.: a laboratory study. Annali della Facoltà di Agraria dell'Università di Sassari. 28: 25–39.Israely, N., Yuval, B., Kitron, U., & Nestel, D. (1997). Population Fluctuations of Adult Mediterranean Fruit Flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) in a Mediterranean Heterogeneous Agricultural Region. Environmental Entomology, 26(6), 1263-1269. doi:10.1093/ee/26.6.1263Joaquim-Bravo I.S. Guimaraes A.N. Magalhaes T.C. Nascimento A.S. 2010. Performance of Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Tephritidae) in fruits: comparison of two laboratory populations. Neotrop. Entomol. 39: 9–14.Kaspi, R., Taylor, P. W., & Yuval, B. (2000). Diet and size influence sexual advertisement and copulatory success of males in Mediterranean fruit fly leks. Ecological Entomology, 25(3), 279-284. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2311.2000.00266.xKaspi R. Mossinson S. Drezner T. Kamensky B. Yuval B. 2002. Effects of larval diet on development rates and reproductive maturation of male and female Mediterranean fruit flies. Physiol. Entomol. 27: 29–38.Kingsolver J.G. Shlichta J.G. Ragland G.J. Massie K.R. 2006. Thermal reaction norms for caterpillar growth depend on diet. Evol. Ecol. Res. 8: 703–715.Krainacker, D. A., Carey, J. R., & Vargas, R. I. (1987). Effect of larval host on life history traits of the mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata. Oecologia, 73(4), 583-590. doi:10.1007/bf00379420Krainacker, D. A., Carey, J. R., & Vargas, R. I. (1989). Size-Specific Survival and Fecundity for Laboratory Strains of Two Tephritid (Diptera: Tephritidae) Species: Implications for Mass Rearing. Journal of Economic Entomology, 82(1), 104-108. doi:10.1093/jee/82.1.104Liquido N.J. Shinoda L.A. Cunningham R.T. 1991. Host plants of Mediterranean fruit fly: an annotated world review. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 77: 1–52.Martínez-Ferrer M.T. Campos J.M. Fibla J.M. 2006. Population dynamics of Ceratitis capitata on citrus in northeastern Spain: influence of adjacent host fruit trees. IOBC-WPRS Bull. 29: 77–84.Martínez-Ferrer M.T. Navarro C. Campos J.M. Marzal C. Fibla J.M. Bargues L. Garcia-Mari F. 2010. Seasonal and annual trends in field populations of Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata, in Mediterranean citrus groves: comparison of two geographic areas in eastern Spain. Spanish. J. Agric. Res. 8: 757–765.Weitzman, J. (2006). Journal of Biology, 5(1), 1. doi:10.1186/jbiol33PAPADOPOULOS, N. T., CAREY, J. R., LIEDO, P., MÜLLER, H.-G., & SENTÜRK, D. (2009). Virgin females compete for mates in the male lekking speciesCeratitis capitata. Physiological Entomology, 34(3), 238-245. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3032.2009.00680.xProkopy, R. J., & Hendrichs, J. (1979). Mating Behavior of Ceratitis capitata1 on a Field-Caged Host Tree. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 72(5), 642-648. doi:10.1093/aesa/72.5.642Ray, C. (1960). The application of Bergmann’s and Allen’s rules to the poikilotherms. Journal of Morphology, 106(1), 85-108. doi:10.1002/jmor.1051060104Rivnay E. 1950. The Mediterranean fruit fly in Israel. Bull. Entomol. Res. 41: 321–341.Sankarperumal, G., & Pandian, T. J. (1991). Effect of temperature andChlorelladensity on growth and metamorphosis ofChironomus circumdatus(Kieffer) (Diptera). Aquatic Insects, 13(3), 167-177. doi:10.1080/01650429109361438Santaballa E. Laborda R. Bargues L. 2001. 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Tendencias estacionales y anuales en las poblaciones de campo de la mosca mediterránea de la fruta, Ceratitis capitata, en cítricos del Mediterráneo: comparación de dos áreas geográficas en el este de España

[EN] Seasonal and annual trends in Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Tephritidae) populations were analyzed to determine the factors that influence population fluctuations in the field. Adult flies were monitored along 2003-07 in two citrus areas in eastern Spain with similar climate, Valencia and Tarragona. Adults were present throughout the study period, even in winter. The initial annual population increase was related to previous winter and spring temperatures. Captures started to increase in April-May and usually reached a peak in July. This peak corresponded to the maximum capture period in Valencia, but not in Tarragona, where there was usually a second peak in autumn, with capture levels similar to the first peak. Gravid females were found throughout the year, even in overwintering populations of medfly. The availability of other host fruit species in the vicinity of the citrus groves may explain the differences in annual abundance and distribution of captures between the two areas studied.[ES] Se analizó la evolución estacional de las poblaciones de Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Tephritidae) para determinar los factores que influencian sus fluctuaciones poblacionales en campo. Se muestreó la población de adultos entre 2003 y 2007 en dos áreas citrícolas del este de España con clima similar, Valencia y Tarragona. Se encontraron adultos a lo largo de todo el periodo de estudio, incluso en invierno. El primer incremento anual de la población estuvo relacionado con las temperaturas previas del invierno y la primavera. Las capturas comenzaron a incrementarse en abril-mayo y generalmente alcanzaron un máximo en julio. Este máximo correspondió al máximo periodo de capturas en Valencia, pero no en Tarragona, donde hubo generalmente un segundo máximo en otoño, con niveles de captura similares al primer máximo. Se encontraron hembras grávidas a lo largo de todo el año, incluso en las poblaciones invernantes de mosca de la fruta. La disponibilidad de otras especies de frutales hospedantes cercanas a las parcelas de cítricos puede explicar las diferencias en abundancia anual y distribución estacional de capturas entre las dos áreas estudiadas.We would like to thank Rafel Monfort for his help with the field work. This research was funded by a project from the Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), of Spain’s Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia (Project RTA03- 103-C6). We thank also Alejandro Tena for useful comments on early drafts of the manuscript.Martinez-Ferrer, MT.; Navarro Campos, C.; Campos Rivela, JM.; Marzal Moreno, C.; Fibla, JM.; Bargues Desolmes, L.; García Mari, F. (2010). Seasonal and annual trends in field populations of Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata, in Mediterranean citrus groves: comparison of two geographic areas in eastern Spain. Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research. 8(3):757-765. https://doi.org/10.5424/sjar/2010083-1275S7577658

Association of complement receptor 2 polymorphisms withinnate resistance to HIV-1 infection

HIV-1 induces activation of complement through the classical and lectin pathways. However, the virus incorporates several membrane-bound or soluble regulators of complement activation (RCA) that inactivate complement. HIV-1 can also use the complement receptors (CRs) for complement-mediated antibody-dependent enhancement of infection (Ć-ADE). We hypothesize that hypofunctional polymorphisms in RCA or CRs may protect from HIV-1 infection. For this purpose, 139 SNPs located in 19 RCA and CRs genes were genotyped in a population of 201 Spanish HIV-1-exposed seronegative individuals (HESN) and 250 HIV-1-infected patients. Two SNPs were associated with infection susceptibility, rs1567190 in CR2 (odds ratio (OR)=2.27, P=1 × 10-4) and rs2842704 in C4BPA (OR=2.11, P=2 × 10-4). To replicate this finding, we analyzed a cohort of Italian, sexually HESN individuals. Although not significant (P=0.25, OR=1.57), similar genotypic proportions were obtained for the CR2 marker rs1567190. The results of the two association analyses were combined through a random effect meta-analysis, with a significant P-value of 2.6x10-5 (OR=2.07). Furthermore, we found that the protective CR2 genotype is correlated with lower levels CR2 mRNA as well as differences in the ratio of the long and short CR2 isoforms.Genes and Immunity advance online publication, 8 January 2015; doi:10.1038/gene.2014.71.This work was supported by Spanish Health Ministry [PI021476, PI051778 and PI10/01232 to JF, JAP and ACar]; Instituto de Salud Carlos III-RETIC [RD06/006 to JAP]; Fundació Marató TV3 [020730 and 020732 to JF and ACar]; Junta de Andalucía [PI-0335/2009 to ACar]; Fundación Progreso y Salud of the Consejería de Salud de la Junta de Andalucía [AI-0021 to JAP]; and Universidad de Jaen [UJA2013/10/03 to ACar]

Analysis of meiotic recombination in 22q11.2, a region that frequently undergoes deletions and duplications

BACKGROUND: The 22q11.2 deletion syndrome is the most frequent genomic disorder with an estimated frequency of 1/4000 live births. The majority of patients (90%) have the same deletion of 3 Mb (Typically Deleted Region, TDR) that results from aberrant recombination at meiosis between region specific low-copy repeats (LCRs). METHODS: As a first step towards the characterization of recombination rates and breakpoints within the 22q11.2 region we have constructed a high resolution recombination breakpoint map based on pedigree analysis and a population-based historical recombination map based on LD analysis. RESULTS: Our pedigree map allows the location of recombination breakpoints with a high resolution (potential recombination hotspots), and this approach has led to the identification of 5 breakpoint segments of 50 kb or less (8.6 kb the smallest), that coincide with historical hotspots. It has been suggested that aberrant recombination leading to deletion (and duplication) is caused by low rates of Allelic Homologous Recombination (AHR) within the affected region. However, recombination rate estimates for 22q11.2 region show that neither average recombination rates in the 22q11.2 region or within LCR22-2 (the LCR implicated in most deletions and duplications), are significantly below chromosome 22 averages. Furthermore, LCR22-2, the repeat most frequently implicated in rearrangements, is also the LCR22 with the highest levels of AHR. In addition, we find recombination events in the 22q11.2 region to cluster within families. Within this context, the same chromosome recombines twice in one family; first by AHR and in the next generation by NAHR resulting in an individual affected with the del22q11.2 syndrome. CONCLUSION: We show in the context of a first high resolution pedigree map of the 22q11.2 region that NAHR within LCR22 leading to duplications and deletions cannot be explained exclusively under a hypothesis of low AHR rates. In addition, we find that AHR recombination events cluster within families. If normal and aberrant recombination are mechanistically related, the fact that LCR22s undergo frequent AHR and that we find familial differences in recombination rates within the 22q11.2 region would have obvious health-related implications