Détection d'ADN par spectroscopie SERRS et interactions entre nucléotides et surfaces des minéraux phyllosilicatés ferromagnésiens dans le contexte de l'origine de la Vie

The first goal of this thesis was the development of a non-enzymatic DNA detection method. Current enzymatic techniques such as Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) often fail in analyzing ancient or processed samples. Indeed DNA undergoes numerous post-mortem degradations, among which some are known to block the bypass of DNA-polymerases. Our method combines hybridization and SERRS (Surface Enhanced Resonant Raman Scattering) spectroscopy, and allows the detection and quantification of degraded DNA sequences that are refractory to PCR analysis. This novel detection method therefore opens new perspectives, especially in paleogenetics. This thesis also aims at studying the role of mineral surfaces in the origin of nucleic acids. Mineral surfaces might have trapped and concentrated the elementary bricks of those biopolymers, thus contributing in their formation. Previous work has focused on minerals such as montmorillonite, although it might not have been abundant during the Hadean/Archean. The primitive Earth’s mineralogy would have been preferentially dominated by Fe-Mg rich phyllosilicates. We have therefore studied the adsorption of nucleotides on minerals we think are relevant to the geological context, and have varied the environmental conditions. This work allows characterizing the adsorption mechanism of nucleotides on mineral surfaces, as well as environmental conditions of the origin of genetic material.Cette thèse a premièrement permis le développement d’une méthode de détection non-enzymatique de l’ADN. Les techniques enzymatiques couramment utilisées, comme la Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), échouent souvent dans l’analyse d’échantillons anciens ou transformés. L’ADN subit en effet de nombreuses dégradations post mortem, parmi lesquelles certaines bloquent les enzymes ADN-polymérases. Notre méthode combine hybridation et détection par SERRS (Surface Enhanced Resonant Raman Scattering), permettant la détection et la quantification de séquences d’ADN dégradées réfractaires à l’analyse par PCR. De nouvelles perspectives s’ouvrent donc en paléogénétique. Cette thèse aborde également le rôle des surfaces minérales dans l’origine des acides nucléiques. Les surfaces minérales pourraient avoir piégé et concentré les briques élémentaires de ces biopolymères, contribuant ainsi à leur construction. Les travaux existants se sont concentrés sur des minéraux comme la montmorillonite, qui n’était cependant pas abondante à l’Hadéen/Archéeen. La minéralogie de la Terre primitive aurait plutôt été dominée par les phyllosilicates ferromagnésiens. Nous avons étudié l’adsorption de nucléotides sur des minéraux plus cohérents avec le contexte géologique, en variant les paramètres environnementaux. Ce travail permet de préciser le mécanisme d’adsorption des nucléotides sur les surfaces minérales, ainsi que les conditions de l’origine du matériel génétique

Détection d'ADN par spectroscopie SERRS et interactions entre nucléotides et surfaces des minéraux phyllosilicatés ferromagnésiens dans le contexte de l'origine de la Vie

Cette thèse a premièrement permis le développement d une méthode de détection non-enzymatique de l ADN. Les techniques enzymatiques couramment utilisées, comme la Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), échouent souvent dans l analyse d échantillons anciens ou transformés. L ADN subit en effet de nombreuses dégradations post mortem, parmi lesquelles certaines bloquent les enzymes ADN-polymérases. Notre méthode combine hybridation et détection par SERRS (Surface Enhanced Resonant Raman Scattering), permettant la détection et la quantification de séquences d ADN dégradées réfractaires à l analyse par PCR. De nouvelles perspectives s ouvrent donc en paléogénétique. Cette thèse aborde également le rôle des surfaces minérales dans l origine des acides nucléiques. Les surfaces minérales pourraient avoir piégé et concentré les briques élémentaires de ces biopolymères, contribuant ainsi à leur construction. Les travaux existants se sont concentrés sur des minéraux comme la montmorillonite, qui n était cependant pas abondante à l Hadéen/Archéeen. La minéralogie de la Terre primitive aurait plutôt été dominée par les phyllosilicates ferromagnésiens. Nous avons étudié l adsorption de nucléotides sur des minéraux plus cohérents avec le contexte géologique, en variant les paramètres environnementaux. Ce travail permet de préciser le mécanisme d adsorption des nucléotides sur les surfaces minérales, ainsi que les conditions de l origine du matériel génétique.The first goal of this thesis was the development of a non-enzymatic DNA detection method. Current enzymatic techniques such as Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) often fail in analyzing ancient or processed samples. Indeed DNA undergoes numerous post-mortem degradations, among which some are known to block the bypass of DNA-polymerases. Our method combines hybridization and SERRS (Surface Enhanced Resonant Raman Scattering) spectroscopy, and allows the detection and quantification of degraded DNA sequences that are refractory to PCR analysis. This novel detection method therefore opens new perspectives, especially in paleogenetics. This thesis also aims at studying the role of mineral surfaces in the origin of nucleic acids. Mineral surfaces might have trapped and concentrated the elementary bricks of those biopolymers, thus contributing in their formation. Previous work has focused on minerals such as montmorillonite, although it might not have been abundant during the Hadean/Archean. The primitive Earth s mineralogy would have been preferentially dominated by Fe-Mg rich phyllosilicates. We have therefore studied the adsorption of nucleotides on minerals we think are relevant to the geological context, and have varied the environmental conditions. This work allows characterizing the adsorption mechanism of nucleotides on mineral surfaces, as well as environmental conditions of the origin of genetic material.LYON-ENS Sciences (693872304) / SudocSudocFranceF

Clumping factor B promotes adherence of <i>Staphylococcus aureus </i>to corneocytes in atopic dermatitis

Staphylococcus aureus skin infection is a frequent and recurrent problem in children with the common inflammatory skin disease atopic dermatitis (AD). S. aureus colonizes the skin of the majority of children with AD and exacerbates the disease. The first step during colonization and infection is bacterial adhesion to the cornified envelope of corneocytes in the outer layer, the stratum corneum. Corneocytes from AD skin are structurally different from corneocytes from normal healthy skin. The objective of this study was to identify bacterial proteins that promote the adherence of S. aureus to AD corneocytes. S. aureus strains from clonal complexes 1 and 8 were more frequently isolated from infected AD skin than from the nasal cavity of healthy children. AD strains had increased ClfB ligand binding activity compared to normal nasal carriage strains. Adherence of single S. aureus bacteria to corneocytes from AD patients ex vivo was studied using atomic force microscopy. Bacteria expressing ClfB recognized ligands distributed over the entire corneocyte surface. The ability of an isogenic ClfB-deficient mutant to adhere to AD corneocytes compared to that of its parent clonal complex 1 clinical strain was greatly reduced. ClfB from clonal complex 1 strains had a slightly higher binding affinity for its ligand than ClfB from strains from other clonal complexes. Our results provide new insights into the first step in the establishment of S. aureus colonization in AD patients. ClfB is a key adhesion molecule for the interaction of S. aureus with AD corneocytes and represents a target for interventio

Nucleic acids detection by SERRS spectroscopy and interactions between nucleotides and Fe-Mg rich phyllosilicate mineral surfaces in the context of the origin of life

Cette thèse a premièrement permis le développement d’une méthode de détection non-enzymatique de l’ADN. Les techniques enzymatiques couramment utilisées, comme la Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), échouent souvent dans l’analyse d’échantillons anciens ou transformés. L’ADN subit en effet de nombreuses dégradations post mortem, parmi lesquelles certaines bloquent les enzymes ADN-polymérases. Notre méthode combine hybridation et détection par SERRS (Surface Enhanced Resonant Raman Scattering), permettant la détection et la quantification de séquences d’ADN dégradées réfractaires à l’analyse par PCR. De nouvelles perspectives s’ouvrent donc en paléogénétique. Cette thèse aborde également le rôle des surfaces minérales dans l’origine des acides nucléiques. Les surfaces minérales pourraient avoir piégé et concentré les briques élémentaires de ces biopolymères, contribuant ainsi à leur construction. Les travaux existants se sont concentrés sur des minéraux comme la montmorillonite, qui n’était cependant pas abondante à l’Hadéen/Archéeen. La minéralogie de la Terre primitive aurait plutôt été dominée par les phyllosilicates ferromagnésiens. Nous avons étudié l’adsorption de nucléotides sur des minéraux plus cohérents avec le contexte géologique, en variant les paramètres environnementaux. Ce travail permet de préciser le mécanisme d’adsorption des nucléotides sur les surfaces minérales, ainsi que les conditions de l’origine du matériel génétique.The first goal of this thesis was the development of a non-enzymatic DNA detection method. Current enzymatic techniques such as Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) often fail in analyzing ancient or processed samples. Indeed DNA undergoes numerous post-mortem degradations, among which some are known to block the bypass of DNA-polymerases. Our method combines hybridization and SERRS (Surface Enhanced Resonant Raman Scattering) spectroscopy, and allows the detection and quantification of degraded DNA sequences that are refractory to PCR analysis. This novel detection method therefore opens new perspectives, especially in paleogenetics. This thesis also aims at studying the role of mineral surfaces in the origin of nucleic acids. Mineral surfaces might have trapped and concentrated the elementary bricks of those biopolymers, thus contributing in their formation. Previous work has focused on minerals such as montmorillonite, although it might not have been abundant during the Hadean/Archean. The primitive Earth’s mineralogy would have been preferentially dominated by Fe-Mg rich phyllosilicates. We have therefore studied the adsorption of nucleotides on minerals we think are relevant to the geological context, and have varied the environmental conditions. This work allows characterizing the adsorption mechanism of nucleotides on mineral surfaces, as well as environmental conditions of the origin of genetic material

Attachment of Ribonucleotides on α-Alumina as a Function of pH, Ionic Strength, and Surface Loading

International audienceThe interactions between nucleic acids and mineral surfaces have been the focus of many studies in environmental sciences, in biomedicine, as well as in origin of life studies for the prebiotic formation of biopolymers. However, few studies have focused on a wide range of environmental conditions and the likely modes of attachment. Here we investigated the adsorption of ribonucleotides onto α-alumina surfaces over a wide range of pH, ionic strength, and ligand-to-solid ratio, by both an experimental and a theoretical approach. The adsorption of ribonucleotides is strongly affected by pH, with a maximum adsorption at pH values around 5. Alumina adsorbs high amounts of nucleotides >2 μmol/m 2. We used the extended triple-layer model (ETLM) to predict the speciation of the surface complexes formed as well as the stoichiometry and equilibrium constants. We propose the formation of two surface species: a monodentate inner-sphere complex, dominant at pH <7, and a bidentate outer-sphere complex, dominant at higher pH. Both complexes would involve interactions between the negatively charged phosphate group and the positively charged surface of alumina. Our results provide a better understanding of how nucleic acids attach to mineral surfaces under varying environmental conditions. Moreover, the predicted configuration of nucleotide surface species, bound via the phosphate group, could have implications for the abiotic formation of nucleic acids in the context of the origin of life

The microbial adhesive arsenal deciphered by atomic force microscopy

International audienc

Forces guiding staphylococcal adhesion.

Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus aureus are two important nosocomial pathogens that form biofilms on indwelling medical devices. Biofilm infections are difficult to fight as cells within the biofilm show increased resistance to antibiotics. Our understanding of the molecular interactions driving bacterial adhesion, the first stage of biofilm formation, has long been hampered by the paucity of appropriate force-measuring techniques. In this minireview, we discuss how atomic force microscopy techniques have enabled to shed light on the molecular forces at play during staphylococcal adhesion. Specific highlights include the study of the binding mechanisms of adhesion molecules by means of single-molecule force spectroscopy, the measurement of the forces involved in whole cell interactions using single-cell force spectroscopy, and the probing of the nanobiophysical properties of living bacteria via multiparametric imaging. Collectively, these findings emphasize the notion that force and function are tightly connected in staphylococcal adhesion

Forces guiding staphylococcal adhesion

International audienceStaphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus aureus are two important nosocomial pathogens that form biofilms on indwelling medical devices. Biofilm infections are difficult to fight as cells within the biofilm show increased resistance to antibiotics. Our understanding of the molecular interactions driving bacterial adhesion, the first stage of biofilm formation, has long been hampered by the paucity of appropriate force-measuring techniques. In this minireview, we discuss how atomic force microscopy techniques have enabled to shed light on the molecular forces at play during staphylococcal adhesion. Specific highlights include the study of the binding mechanisms of adhesion molecules by means of single-molecule force spectroscopy, the measurement of the forces involved in whole cell interactions using single-cell force spectroscopy, and the probing of the nanobiophysical properties of living bacteria via multiparametric imaging. Collectively, these findings emphasize the notion that force and function are tightly connected in staphylococcal adhesion

Localized incorporation of outer membrane components in the pathogen Brucella abortus

The zoonotic pathogen Brucella abortus is part of the Rhizobiales, which are alpha-proteobacteria displaying unipolar growth. Here, we show that this bacterium exhibits heterogeneity in its outer membrane composition, with clusters of rough lipopolysaccharide co-localizing with the essential outer membrane porin Omp2b, which is proposed to allow facilitated diffusion of solutes through the porin. We also show that the major outer membrane protein Omp25 and peptidoglycan are incorporated at the new pole and the division site, the expected growth sites. Interestingly, lipopolysaccharide is also inserted at the same growth sites. The absence of long-range diffusion of main components of the outer membrane could explain the apparent immobility of the Omp2b clusters, as well as unipolar and mid-cell localizations of newly incorporated outer membrane proteins and lipopolysaccharide. Unipolar growth and limited mobility of surface structures also suggest that new surface variants could arise in a few generations without the need of diluting pre-existing surface antigens

Adsorption of ribonucleotides onto aluminum and iron oxides

International audienceMineral surfaces are known to adsorb organic molecules such as nucleic acids [1,2]. They might have concentrated the building blocks of biomolecules in the context of the origin of life, facilitating their polymerization. They also protect them from degradation [3,4] contributing to an extracellular genetic pool used by microorganisms in soils for horizontal gene transfers [5]. Previous work has highlighted the predominant role of the edges of mineral particles in the adsorption of nucleotides [6], implying oxide-like adsorption sites. Here we further investigate the interactions of ribonucleotides with alumina and hematite, as a function of pH, ionic strength and ligand-to-solid ratio. Batch adsorption experiments and surface complexation calculations using the Extended Triple Layer Model allow us to predict the speciation of the surface species, the stoichiometry and thermodynamic equilibrium constants for the adsorption of nucleotides. Both oxides lead to high values of adsorption of nucleotides (> 2 mol/m2). However, at high pH, hematite nanoparticles present a significantly higher adsorption compared to alumina. On alumina surfaces we propose the formation of a monodentate inner-sphere complex at low pH, and a bidentate outer-sphere complex at higher pH, both involving the negatively charged phosphate group [8]. This pH-dependency might have implications for the availability of nucleotides both in the context of the origin of life for polymerization and in modern soils for transfectio