Women write the rights of woman: The sexual politics of the personal pronoun in the 1790s

This article investigates patterns of personal pronoun usage in four texts written by women about women's rights during the 1790s: Mary Wollstonecraft's A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1792), Mary Hays' An Appeal to the Men of Great Britain (1798), Mary Robinson's Letter to the Women of England (1799) and Mary Anne Radcliffe's The Female Advocate (1799). I begin by showing that at the time these texts were written there was a widespread assumption that both writers and readers of political pamphlets were, by default, male. As such, I argue, writing to women as a woman was distinctly problematic, not least because these default assumptions meant that even apparently gender-neutral pronouns such as I, we and you were in fact covertly gendered. I use the textual analysis programme WordSmith to identify the personal pronouns in my four texts, and discuss my results both quantitatively and qualitatively. I find that while one of my texts does little to disturb gender expectations through its deployment of personal pronouns, the other three all use personal pronouns that disrupt eighteenth century expectations about default male authorship and readership. Copyright © 2007 SAGE Publications

Provisions: A Reader From 19th-Century American Women

https://works.swarthmore.edu/alum-books/4299/thumbnail.jp

Characterization of novel stripe rust resistance in wheat relatives

Stripe rust of wheat is one of the most damaging wheat diseases, causing on average 2% yield losses every year around the world. Through plant breeding, resistant cultivars can be generated, which renders the use of fungicides obsolete, making it a durable and environmentally friendly way to control this disease. Due to the fast-evolving nature of the causal pathogen, Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici, genes conferring resistance to stripe rust are often defeated following years of deployment in a certain agroecosystem, and new sources of resistance are continuously required to limit the yield losses due to stripe rust. Here, I turned to two bread wheat relatives, Aegilops tauschii and spelt wheat (Triticum aestivum subsp. spelta) for novel sources of stripe rust resistance genes. The identification of two spelt wheat cultivars resistant to stripe rust, ‘CDC Silex’ and ‘10Spelt17’ motivated efforts to identify the genetic region responsible for resistance, and for the introgression of this resistance in Canadian Western Red Spring wheat cultivars. Through the phenotyping of multiple bi-parental mapping populations, I showed that the resistance in both ‘CDC Silex’ and ‘10Spelt17’ is the same or allelic and is conferred by two complementary dominant genes. Efforts to map the region conferring resistance through BSA-seq was unsuccessful, potentially due to the small segregating population phenotyped in this study. Additionally, I showed that the resistance in both resistant spelt cultivars was silenced when transferred to a bread wheat background, through the phenotyping of F₁, F₂, F₂∶₃, and F₅ bi-parental individuals. Additionally, we identified two stripe rust resistance genes and one QTL conferring resistance to stripe rust at the seedling stage in an Aegilops tauschii diversity panel. One gene, previously cloned and identified as YrAS2388, conferred non-race specific resistance to all tested isolates, representative of the global Pst population. This gene was introgressed into a CWRS wheat genetic background through the use of Kompetitive Allele-Specific PCR (KASP) markers developed as part of this study. An additional gene, temporally named YrW057, and a QTL on chromosome 6D, conferred race specific resistance to stripe rust isolates W057 and W052, respectively.Land and Food Systems, Faculty ofGraduat

The Resisting Reader: A Feminist Approach To American Fiction

https://works.swarthmore.edu/alum-books/2391/thumbnail.jp

Writing Out Of Place: Regionalism, Women, And American Literary Culture

https://works.swarthmore.edu/alum-books/4317/thumbnail.jp