Understanding the gastrointestinal behavior of the coffee pulp phenolic compounds under simulated conditions

Numerous residues, such as the coffee pulp, are generated throughout coffee processing. This by-product is a source of antioxidant phytochemicals, including phenolic compounds and caffeine. However, the antioxidant properties of the phenolic compounds from the coffee pulp are physiologically limited to their bioaccessibility, bioavailability, and biotransformation occurring during gastrointestinal digestion. Hence, this study explored the phenolic and caffeine profile in the coffee pulp flour (CPF) and extract (CPE), their intestinal bioaccessibility through in vitro digestion, and their potential bioavailability and colonic metabolism using in silico models. The CPE exhibited a higher concentration of phenolic compounds than the CPF, mainly phenolic acids (protocatechuic, chlorogenic, and gallic acids), followed by flavonoids, particularly quercetin derivatives. Caffeine was found in higher concentrations than phenolic compounds. The antioxidant capacity was increased throughout the digestive process. The coffee pulp matrix influenced phytochemicals’ behavior during gastrointestinal digestion. Whereas individual phenolic compounds generally decreased during digestion, caffeine remained stable. Then, phenolic acids and caffeine were highly bioaccessible, while flavonoids were mainly degraded. As a result, caffeine and protocatechuic acid were the main compounds absorbed in the intestine after digestion. Non-absorbed phenolic compounds might undergo colonic biotransformation yielding small and potentially more adsorbable phenolic metabolites. These results contribute to establishing the coffee pulp as an antioxidant food ingredient since it contains bioaccessible and potentially bioavailable phytochemicals with potential health-promoting propertie

Análisis reológico de las distintas fracciones de harina obtenidas de la molienda del grano de trigo

Proyecto fin de carrera de Ingeniería Técnica Agrícola en la especialidad de Industrias Agrarias y Alimentarias, de la Escuela Politécnica Superior de Zamora.La molienda o molturación es la operación mediante la cual los granos son triturados y reducidos a partículas de diversos tamaños, separables entre sí por medios mecánicos. Este proceso se lleva a cabo de forma gradual a través de lo que habitualmente se denominan pasadas . Después de cada proceso de reducción gradual, es de la mayor importancia un cernido y un clasificado en profundidad, obteniéndose en cada pasada diferentes fracciones de harinas que juntas van a constituir la harina final.Este estudio tiene un objetivo eminentemente práctico y busca conocer las características reológicas de las diferentes harinas obtenidas en cada pasada, durante el proceso de molturación de una harinera y conocer la influencia de cada una de las fracciones en la calidad final de la harina, partiendo de un trigo mejorante

Adding oenological tannin vs. overripe grapes: Effect on the phenolic composition of red wines

[EN]The effects on the phenolic composition (flavanols, phenolic acids and anthocyanins) and on CIELAB colour parameters of two different oenological practices (adding oenological tannin, using overripe grapes), whose purpose is to compensate wine quality deficiencies, have been evaluated in red wines made from Tempranillo grapes in two consecutive vintages. Both the addition of oenological tannin and the use of overripe grapes generally increased hydroxycinnamic acids and pigment contents. However, the effect of the former was noticeable above all in early stages of winemaking and ageing, whereas the effect of the latter was observable in late stages of ageing. In general, flavanol content increased in wines treated with oenological tannin, and decreased in wines made from overripe grapes in relation to control wines. Colour differences (DE* ab) between control and treated wines were in some stages higher than 3, indicating that the colour modifications caused by both treatments can be detectable by the human eye. Results showed that the addition of the oenological tannin to wine will be useful to address deficiencies in flavanol and pigment contents, whereas the use of overripe grapes will be useful when colour stabilization is required

In search for flavonoid and colorimetric varietal markers of Vitis vinifera L. cv Rufete wines

The better adaptation of autochthonous grape varieties to environmental changes is increasing the interest on them. Previous studies on Vitis vinifera L. cv Rufete, the flagship of DOP “Sierra de Salamanca”, demonstrated its phenolic potential to produce quality wines. The present study aims at discovering flavonoid (HPLC-DAD-MSn) and colorimetric (CIELAB) varietal markers in commercial Rufete wines (RW) that could be employed to discriminate them from those made with other varieties or mixtures. Compared to Tempranillo wines (TW), RW showed lower phenolic contents, with lower proportions of anthocyanins and flavonols but greater of flavanols. Principal Component Analysis applied to flavonoid and chromatic variables allowed varietal separation of the samples along PC2, which was mostly driven by %total prodelphinidins, %oligomeric procyanidins and Cab* (greater in TW) and by %monomeric procyanindins and L* (greater in RW) and, additionally, by the proportions of A-type vitisins, acetaldehyde-related pigments, quercetin 3-O-glucuronide and Quercetin/Myricetin ratio (all greater in RW). The results of the present study show that the typicity of Rufete grapes is quite preserved in the wines made with up to 95% of Rufete and 5% of Tempranillo grapes or wines and independently of the enological practices of the different wineries

Gastrointestinal fate of phenolic compounds and amino derivatives from the cocoa shell: An in vitro and in silico approach

The objective of this study was to assess how in vitro gastrointestinal digestion influenced the bioaccessibility and potential bioavailability of phenolic compounds and methylxanthines in the cocoa shell (CS) in the form of flour (CSF) and aqueous extract (CSE). To comprehend how these phytochemicals behaved during gastrointestinal digestion, we also modeled in silico the colonic microbial biotransformation of the phenolic compounds in the CS. Different groups of phenolic compounds (mainly gallic and protocatechuic acids, and catechin) and methylxanthines (theobromine and caffeine) could be found in the CS. Methylxanthines and phenolic compounds were released differently during gastrointestinal digestion. Whereas digestion triggered the release of hydroxybenzoic acids (67–73%) and flavan-3-ols (73–88%) during the intestinal phase, it also caused the degradation of flavonols and flavones. Besides, the release of phytochemicals was significantly influenced by the CS matrix type. Phenolic compounds were protected by the CSF matrix. Phenolic acids from CSF were more bioaccessible in the intestinal (1.2-fold, p < 0.05) and colonic (1.3-fold, p < 0.05) phases than those from the CSE. Methylxanthines were also more bioaccessible in the intestinal (1.8-fold, p < 0.01) and colonic phases (1.3-fold, p < 0.001) and bioavailable (1.8-fold, p < 0.001) in the CSF. Colonic metabolism demonstrated that the gut microbiota could biotransform non-absorbed phenolic compounds into other lower molecular weight and more bioavailable metabolites. These findings support the CS’s potential as a source of bioaccessible, bioavailable, and active phytochemicals.This research was funded by the COCARDIOLAC project from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (RTI 2018-097504-B-I00) and the Excellence Line for University Teaching Staff within the Multiannual Agreement between the Community of Madrid and the UAM (2019-2023). Escalera de Excelencia CLU-2018-04 cofunded by the P.O. FEDER of Castilla y León 2014-2020 Spain. M. Rebollo-Hernanz received funding from the FPU program of the Ministry of Universities for his predoctoral fellowship (FPU15/04238) and Margarita Salas Contract (CA1/RSUE/2021-00656).Peer reviewe

Understanding the gastrointestinal behavior of the coffee pulp phenolic compounds under simulated conditions

This article belongs to the Special Issue Antioxidant Foods and Cardiometabolic Health II.Numerous residues, such as the coffee pulp, are generated throughout coffee processing. This by-product is a source of antioxidant phytochemicals, including phenolic compounds and caffeine. However, the antioxidant properties of the phenolic compounds from the coffee pulp are physiologically limited to their bioaccessibility, bioavailability, and biotransformation occurring during gastrointestinal digestion. Hence, this study explored the phenolic and caffeine profile in the coffee pulp flour (CPF) and extract (CPE), their intestinal bioaccessibility through in vitro digestion, and their potential bioavailability and colonic metabolism using in silico models. The CPE exhibited a higher concentration of phenolic compounds than the CPF, mainly phenolic acids (protocatechuic, chlorogenic, and gallic acids), followed by flavonoids, particularly quercetin derivatives. Caffeine was found in higher concentrations than phenolic compounds. The antioxidant capacity was increased throughout the digestive process. The coffee pulp matrix influenced phytochemicals’ behavior during gastrointestinal digestion. Whereas individual phenolic compounds generally decreased during digestion, caffeine remained stable. Then, phenolic acids and caffeine were highly bioaccessible, while flavonoids were mainly degraded. As a result, caffeine and protocatechuic acid were the main compounds absorbed in the intestine after digestion. Non-absorbed phenolic compounds might undergo colonic biotransformation yielding small and potentially more adsorbable phenolic metabolites. These results contribute to establishing the coffee pulp as an antioxidant food ingredient since it contains bioaccessible and potentially bioavailable phytochemicals with potential health-promoting properties.This research was funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation, COCARDIOLAC project (grant number RTI 2018-097504-B-I00), and Escalera de Excelencia CLU-2018-04 cofounded by the P.O. FEDER of Castilla y León 2014–2020 Spain. M.A. Martín-Cabrejas thanks the Excellence Line for University Teaching Staff within the Multiannual Agreement between the Community of Madrid and the UAM (2019–2023). M. Rebollo-Hernanz thanks the Ministry of Universities for his predoctoral fellowship (grant number FPU15/04238) and Margarita Salas Contract (CA1/RSUE/2021-00656). C. Braojos received funding from the Youth Guarantee Grant of the Community of Madrid for her predoctoral fellowship (PEJD-2019-PRE/BIO-16499).Peer reviewe

Encapsulation of phenolic compounds by spray drying of Ancellotta and Aspirant Bouchet wines to produce powders with potential use as natural food colorants

Abstract: Ancellotta and Aspirant Bouchet, Vitis vinifera L., are wines with a high anthocyanin concentration that have been used to increase color in high-quality red wines. This work was focused on the encapsulation of Ancellotta (ANCE) and Aspirant Bouchet (AB) wines by spray drying and obtaining wine powders (WP) with a high concentration of phenolic compounds. Spray drying conditions were optimized and the phenolic compounds in the WP were characterized. All WP were evaluated for moisture content, water activity, color parameters, anthocyanins, and flavan-3-ols composition. There was no significant difference in total anthocyanins content of ANCE and AB WP when inlet air temperature increased from 135 to 145°C with a fixed carrier concentration of 8% (w/w) but a decrease in the total anthocyanins was observed when carrier concentration increased to 10% (w/w). Regarding color evaluation, ANCE and AB WP corresponded to the fourth quadrant of color space CIELAB indicating blue - red color (348–357°), characteristic of anthocyanins and wine. In general, the values of hue angle were not affected at higher percentages of carrier agent, consequently, an increase in the ratio carrier-wine did not lead to a dilution of material. These results indicate that inlet air temperature (in the selected range) did not influence the anthocyanin profile in the WP and has allowed for optimization of the conditions to obtain phenolic-rich colored powders with potential use as natural antioxidants and food colorants

Gastrointestinal fate of phenolic compounds and amino derivatives from the cocoa shell: An in vitro and in silico approach

The objective of this study was to assess how in vitro gastrointestinal digestion influenced the bioaccessibility and potential bioavailability of phenolic compounds and methylxanthines in the cocoa shell (CS) in the form of flour (CSF) and aqueous extract (CSE). To comprehend how these phytochemicals behaved during gastrointestinal digestion, we also modeled in silico the colonic microbial biotransformation of the phenolic compounds in the CS. Different groups of phenolic compounds (mainly gallic and protocatechuic acids, and catechin) and methylxanthines (theobromine and caffeine) could be found in the CS. Methylxanthines and phenolic compounds were released differently during gastrointestinal digestion. Whereas digestion triggered the release of hydroxybenzoic acids (67–73%) and flavan-3-ols (73–88%) during the intestinal phase, it also caused the degradation of flavonols and flavones. Besides, the release of phytochemicals was significantly influenced by the CS matrix type. Phenolic compounds were protected by the CSF matrix. Phenolic acids from CSF were more bioaccessible in the intestinal (1.2-fold, p < 0.05) and colonic (1.3-fold, p < 0.05) phases than those from the CSE. Methylxanthines were also more bioaccessible in the intestinal (1.8-fold, p < 0.01) and colonic phases (1.3-fold, p < 0.001) and bioavailable (1.8-fold, p < 0.001) in the CSF. Colonic metabolism demonstrated that the gut microbiota could biotransform non-absorbed phenolic compounds into other lower molecular weight and more bioavailable metabolites. These findings support the CS’s potential as a source of bioaccessible, bioavailable, and active phytochemical

Encapsulation of phenolic compounds by spray drying of Ancellotta and Aspirant Bouchet wines to produce powders with potential use as natural food colorants

Ancellotta and Aspirant Bouchet, Vitis vinifera L., are wines with a high anthocyanin concentration that have been used to increase color in high-quality red wines. This work was focused on the encapsulation of Ancellotta (ANCE) and Aspirant Bouchet (AB) wines by spray drying and obtaining wine powders (WP) with a high concentration of phenolic compounds. Spray drying conditions were optimized and the phenolic compounds in the WP were characterized. All WP were evaluated for moisture content, water activity, color parameters, anthocyanins, and flavan-3-ols composition. There was no significant difference in total anthocyanins content of ANCE and AB WP when inlet air temperature increased from 135 to 145°C with a fixed carrier concentration of 8% (w/w) but a decrease in the total anthocyanins was observed when carrier concentration increased to 10% (w/w). Regarding color evaluation, ANCE and AB WP corresponded to the fourth quadrant of color space CIELAB indicating blue - red color (348–357°), characteristic of anthocyanins and wine. In general, the values of hue angle were not affected at higher percentages of carrier agent, consequently, an increase in the ratio carrier-wine did not lead to a dilution of material. These results indicate that inlet air temperature (in the selected range) did not influence the anthocyanin profile in the WP and has allowed for optimization of the conditions to obtain phenolic-rich colored powders with potential use as natural antioxidants and food colorants.Fil: Alvarez Gaona, Izmari Jasel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Pontificia Universidad Católica Argentina "Santa María de los Buenos Aires". Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias; ArgentinaFil: Fanzone, Martín Leandro. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro Regional Mendoza-San Juan. Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Mendoza; ArgentinaFil: Galmarini, Mara Virginia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Pontificia Universidad Católica Argentina "Santa María de los Buenos Aires". Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias; ArgentinaFil: Chirife, Jorge. Pontificia Universidad Católica Argentina "Santa María de los Buenos Aires". Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias; ArgentinaFil: Ferreras Charro, Rebeca. Universidad de Salamanca; EspañaFil: García Estévez, Ignacio. Universidad de Salamanca; EspañaFil: Escribano Bailón, María Teresa. Universidad de Salamanca; Españ