Numerical study for the development of flood maps considering the break hypothesis in irrigation reservoirs

[EN] The need to regulate the water volume as a function of irrigation needs, as well as the availability of hydric resources, caused the building of a high number of irrigation reservoir. This research describes the process for the development of floods maps when the break hypothesis is considered in irrigation reservoirs. This process was applied on 14 study cases, using FLDWAV and IBER model. The results showed the difference between the failure forms (piping and overtopping). These differences force to consider the two failure hypotheses in the study. Different criteria of damage were defined through velocity and depth values, which enable to interpret more specific the risk areas. The study contributes to improve the interpretation of this type of situations, helping in the planning and management of these possible emergencies.[ES] La necesidad de regular los volúmenes de agua en función de las necesidades de riego y la disponibilidad de los recursos hídricos ha provocado la construcción de un gran número de balsas de riego. El presente trabajo describe el proceso para el desarrollo de mapas de inundación en caso de rotura, los cuales son obligatorios según la normativa española. Este proceso ha sido aplicado a 14 casos de estudio reales, empleándose los modelos de cálculo FLDWAV e IBER. Los resultados han mostrado que existen diferencias al considerar las distintas formas de rotura: tubificación o sobrevertido, obligando a que ambas sean consideradas. A partir de los valores de calado y velocidad se han definido diferentes criterios de daño, que permiten una interpretación más específica de las zonas inundadas. El estudio realizado contribuye a una mejor interpretación de este tipo de situaciones, así como ayudar en la planificación y gestión de posibles emergencias.Este trabajo se encuentra en el marco del convenio de investigación entre la Universidad Politécnica de Valencia y la Comunidad General de Usuarios del Alto Vinalopó denominado “Realización de documentos PE para balsas de riego”.Los autores agradecen D. José Luis Adalid Elorza (†) su aportación al diseño de elementos de seguridad en balsas de tierra para riego que están contribuyendo eficazmente a la seguridad real de las mismas.Sánchez-Romero, F.; Pérez-Sánchez, M.; Redón-Santafé, M.; Torregrosa Soler, J.; Ferrer Gisbert, C.; Ferrán Gozálvez, J.; Ferrer Gisbert, A.... (2019). Estudio numérico para la elaboración de mapas de inundación considerando la hipótesis de rotura en balsas para riego. Ingeniería del Agua. 23(1):1-18. https://doi.org/10.4995/ia.2019.8892SWORD118231Abt, S.R., Wittier, R.J., Taylor, A., Love, D.J. 1989. Human Stability in a High Flood Hazard Zone. JAWRA Journal of the American Water Resources Association, 25, 881-890. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1989.tb05404.xACA, 2003. Recomanacions tècniques per als estudis d'inundabilitat d'àmbit local. Agencia catalana del Agua. Guia Técnica. 106.Adalid, J., Ferrer, C., Torregrosa, J. 2009. Guías para el proyecto, construcción, explotación, mantenimiento, vigilancia y planes de emergencia de las balsas de riego con vistas a la seguridad. Consellería de Medi Ambient, Aigua, Urbanisme i Habitatge https://www.cma.gva.es/comunes_asp/documentos/agenda/Cas/62949-balsas_indices.pdf, Valencia.Anta, J., Bermúdez, M., Cea, L., Suárez, J., Ures, P., Puertas, J. 2015. Modelización de los impactos por DSU en el río Miño (Lugo). Ingeniería del agua, 19(2), 105-116. https://doi.org/10.4995/ia.2015.3648Areu-Rangel, O.S., González-Cao, J., Crespo, A.J.C., Bonasia, R. 2017. Numerical modelling of hydrological safety assignment in dams with IBER. Sustainable Water Resources Management, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40899-017-0135-2Bladé, E., Cea, L., Corestein, G. 2014a. Modelización numérica de inundaciones fluviales. Ingeniería del agua, 18, 71-82. https://doi.org/10.4995/ia.2014.3144Bladé, E., Cea, L., Corestein, G., Escolano, E., Puertas, J., Vázquez-Cendón, E., Dolz, J., Coll, A. 2014b. Iber: herramienta de simulación numérica del flujo en ríos. Revista Internacional de Métodos Numéricos para Cálculo y Diseño en Ingeniería, 30, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rimni.2012.07.004Bladé, E., Cea, L., Corestein, G., Escolano, E., Puertas, J., Vázquez-Cendón, E., Dolz, J., Coll, A. 2014c. Iber: herramienta de simulación numérica del flujo en ríos. Revista Internacional de Métodos Numéricos para Cálculo y Diseño en Ingeniería 30, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rimni.2012.07.004Bozkus, Z., Kasap, A. 1998. Comparison of physical and numerical dam-break simulations. 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NWS FLDWAV Model: The replacement of DAMBRK for dam-break flood prediction. 10th Annual Conference of the ASDSO 177-184.Fread, D.L. 1998. NWS FLDWAV Model: Theoretical description. Hydrologic Research Laboratory, Office of Hydrology, National Weather Service, NOAA 335.Fread, D.L., Lewis, J.M. 1988. FLDWAV: A generalized flood routing model, in: Proceedings of National Conference on Hydraulic Engineering, ASCE. Colorado Springs, Colorado, pp. 668-673.Froehlich, D.C. 1995. Peak Outflow from Breached Embankment Dam. Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management 121, 90-97. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9496(1995)121:1(90)Froehlich, D.C. 2008. Embankment Dam Breach Parameters and Their Uncertainties. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 134, 1708-1721. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(2008)134:12(1708)Gobierno de España. 1995. Directriz Básica de Planificación de Protección Civil ante el Riesgo de Inundaciones.Gobierno de España. 2008. Real Decreto 9/2008, de 11 de enero, por el que se modifica el Reglamento del Dominio Público Hidráulico, aprobado por el Real Decreto 849/1986, de 11 de abril.González-Aguirre, J.C., Vázquez-Cendón, M.E., Alavez-Ramírez, J. 2016. Simulación numérica de inundaciones en Villahermosa México usando el código IBER. Ingeniería del agua, 20(4), 201-216. https://doi.org/10.4995/Ia.2016.5231González Ortega, J.M. 2010. Reflexiones acerca de la situación actual y la seguridad de las balsas en España., in: X Jornadas de Presas. Valladolid. pp. 1-10.Greimann, B.P. 2004. Comparison between the methods used in MIKE11 2003, FLDWAV 1.0, and HEC-RAS 3.1.1 to compute flows through a dam breach, in: Reclamation., B. of (Ed.). U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Reclamation, [Denver, Colo.].Heimrich, A. 2009. Analyse comparative de cas de rupture de barrage avec les logiciels NWS FLDWAV et HEC RAS. Université de Sherbrooke.Karvonen, R.A., Hepojoki, H.K., Huhta, H.K., Louhio, A. 2000. The Use Of Physical Models In Dam-Break Flood Analysis, Development of rescue actions based on dam-break flood analysis (RESCDAM). Final report of Helsinki University of Technology 57.Kumar, S., Jaswal, A., Pandey, A., Sharma, N. 2017. Literature Review of Dam Break Studies and Inundation Mapping Using Hydraulic Models and GIS. International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology, 2395-56.MacDonald, T.C., Langridge-Monopolis, J. 1984. Breaching Charateristics of Dam Failures. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 110, 567-586. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(1984)110:5(567)Martínez-Gomariz, E., Gómez, M., Russo, B. 2016. Estabilidad de personas en flujos de agua. Ingeniería del agua, 20(1), 43-58. https://doi.org/10.4995/ia.2016.4231Ministerio de Medio Ambiente de España. 1996. Clasificación de presas en Función del Riesgo Potencial - Guía Técnica. MARM, Madrid.Ministerio de Medio Ambiente de España. 2001. Guía técnica para la elaboración de los planes de emergencia de presas 164. MARM, Madrid.Ministerio de Medio Ambiente de España, 2011. Guía metodológica para el desarrollo del Sistema Nacional de Cartografía de Zonas Inundables. MARM, Madrid.Morris, M. 2009. Breaching processes: A state of the art review, T06-06-03. HR Wallingford.Nanía, L.S. 1999. Metodología numérico experimental para el análisis del riesgo asociado a la escorrentía pluvial en una red de calles. Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya. http://hdl.handle.net/2117/93707National Weather Service. 2007. Evaluation of Different Hydraulic Models in Support of National Weather Service Operations. Silver Spring, Maryland.Sánchez-Cordero, E., Boix, J., Gómez, M., Bladé, E. 2018. Análisis numérico 3D de una rotura de presa utilizando el método VOF y el modelo de turbulencia LES . Ingeniería del agua, 22(3), 167-176. https://doi.org/10.4995/ia.2018.9374Sánchez-Romero, F.J. 2014. Criterios de seguridad en balsas de tierra para riego. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/38448Sánchez-Romero, F.J., Pérez-Sánchez, M., López-Jiménez, P.A. 2018. Modelo analítico para el cálculo de distribuciones de velocidad laterales en secciones tipo potencial-ley. Ribagua, 5, 29-47. https://doi.org/10.1080/23863781.2018.1442189Témez, J.R. 1992. Control del desarrollo urbano en las zonas inundables. Monografías del Colegio de Ingenieros de Caminos, Canales y Puertos 10, 105-115.Villanueva, I., García-Navarro, P., Zorraquino, V. 1999. Validación experimental de un modelo computacional unidimensional para el cálculo de ondas de avenida. Ingeniería del agua, 6(1), 55-62. https://doi.org/10.4995/ia.1999.2777Wahl, T. 1998. Prediction of Embankment Dam Breach Parameters-A literature review and needs assessment. U.S. Bureau of Reclamation Dam Safety.Wahl, T. 2004. Uncertainty of Predictions of Embankment Dam Breach Parameters. 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Contribution to the geometric characterization of Agricultural Water Reservoirs as a tool for the calculation of sustainability indicators

[SPA] Las balsas a diferencia de las presas presentan desde un punto de vista geométrico elementos y formas similares que pueden ser estudiadas y caracterizadas para la obtención de relaciones y expresiones útiles para la planificación y análisis de diferentes aspectos. En el presente artículo se pretende recopilar y analizar las diferentes relaciones geométricas en balsas. En primer lugar, se realiza una recopilación con las relaciones entre las diferentes variables encontradas en la bibliografía especializada. A partir de la información recopilada por la Generalitat Valenciana de aproximadamente unas 50 balsas, se han obtenido diferentes relaciones entre las variables. Estas relaciones permiten que de una manera aproximada y en fase de predimensionado de una balsa o gestión del territorio, la estimación rápida de diferentes parámetros como la superficie ocupada en función del volumen, superficie impermeabilizada y otro tipo de variables útiles tanto para los proyectistas, gestores y Comunidades de Regantes. El desarrollo y utilización de este tipo de herramientas analíticas debe permitir la caracterización de este tipo de infraestructura dentro de los sistemas hidráulicos, proporcionando indicadores que permitan una mejor planificación y gestión en base a Objetivos de desarrollo Sostenible. [ENG] The Agricultural Water Reservoirs, unlike dams, present from a geometrical point of view similar elements and shapes that can be studied and characterized in order to obtain relations and expressions useful for the planning and analysis of different aspects. In this article we intend to compile and analyze the different geometric relationships in Agricultural Water Reservoirs. First of all, a compilation of the relationships between the different variables found in the specialized literature is made. From the information compiled by the Generalitat Valenciana of approximately 50 Agricultural Water Reservoirs, different relationships between the variables have been obtained. These relationships allow, in an approximate way and in the pre-dimensioning phase of a Agricultural Water Reservoirs or management of the territory, the fast estimation of different parameters such as the occupied surface in function of the volume, waterproofed surface and other types of useful variables for designers, managers and Irrigation Communities. The development and use of this type of analytical tools should allow the characterization of this type of infrastructure within the hydraulic systems, providing indicators that allow better planning and management based on Sustainable Development Objectives

Reflections on the elaboration and implementation of emergency plans in agricultural water reservoirs

[SPA] Las balsas de tierra impermeabilizadas con geomembranas son obras muy seguras, tanto por la tipología constructiva empleada, como por su tipo de explotación, tal y como demuestra la experiencia y la escasez de incidencias. En cualquier caso, se debe ser consciente que cualquier infraestructura puede colapsar y causar daños, y en el peor de los casos la pérdida de vidas humanas. Aunque la probabilidad de colapso nula no existe, es obligación tanto de los usuarios, técnicos implicados el intentar conseguirla. El desarrollo de las sociedades exige mayores niveles de seguridad, y en este sentido tanto para las balsas de tierra como para cualquier otro tipo de infraestructura, las exigencias en seguridad cada vez son mayores. La seguridad en las balsas de tierra viene determinada por tres pilares fundamentales que son: 1. Criterios de proyecto y control durante la ejecución, en ciertos puntos críticos. 2. Mantenimiento de la seguridad a lo largo del tiempo, lo que requiere de unos planes eficaces de Vigilancia y Mantenimiento, dentro de unas normas de Explotación, acordes con las entidades titulares que las tienen que implementar. 3. En el peor de los casos, la infraestructura puede fallar, por lo que interesa analizar cuáles serían sus consecuencias y hacerlo con el suficiente detalle para que puedan adoptarse medidas eficaces que aminores, e incluso anulen los daños, y en especial de vidas humanas. Esta preocupación por la seguridad en las balsas se vio establecida con la inclusión de las balsas en el Real Decreto 9/2008. Una mala concepción de la seguridad en balsas ha querido trasladar a estas infraestructuras, los criterios y planteamientos de las presas, lo cual ha provocado una gran confusión, tanto administrativa como técnica, e incluso un rechazo del sector a la exigencia del establecimiento de un marco normativo para este tipo de infraestructuras. En la presente ponencia se establecen una serie de reflexiones sobre los contenidos de los Planes de Emergencia, estableciendo la diferencia entre su aplicación a presas y balsas, las implicaciones sociales que pueden derivarse de los mismos, así como cuáles deben ser los criterios a seguir para incrementar la seguridad real de las balsas. [ENG] Agricultural Water Reservoirs waterproofed with geomembranes are very safe works, both because of the construction technology used and the type of operation, as shown by experience and the scarcity of incidents. In any case, one must be aware that any infrastructure can collapse and cause damage, and in the worst case, the loss of human lives. Although the probability of zero collapse does not exist, it is the obligation of both the users and the technicians involved to try to achieve it. The development of societies demands higher levels of safety, and in this sense, both for Agricultural Water Reservoirs and for any other type of infrastructure, the safety requirements are increasingly higher. Safety in Agricultural Water Reservoir is determined by three fundamental pillars: 1. Criteria for design and control during execution, at certain critical points. 2. Maintenance of safety over time, which requires effective surveillance and maintenance plans, within the framework of operating standards, in accordance with the entities that have to implement them. 3. In the worst case scenario, the infrastructure may fail, so it is important to analyze the consequences and to do so in sufficient detail so that effective measures can be adopted to reduce or even eliminate the damage, especially in terms of human lives. This concern for raft safety was established with the inclusion of rafts in Royal Decree 9/2008. A bad conception of safety in Agricultural Water Reservoir has wanted to transfer to these infrastructures, the criteria and approaches of dams, which has caused great confusion, both administrative and technical, and even a rejection of the sector to the demand for the establishment of a regulatory framework for this type of infrastructure. This paper sets out a series of reflections on the contents of the Emergency Plans, establishing the difference between their application to dams and agricultural reservoirs, the social implications that may derive from them, as well as the criteria to be followed in order to increase the real safety of reservoirs

New functions of the irrigation reservoirs in a transition towards a more sustanaible agriculture, in the Province of Alicante (Spain)

[SPA] Son bien conocidas las funciones de las balsas de tierra, como infraestructuras imprescindibles en la modernización, consolidación y sostenibilidad de regadíos, desde finales de los años 60 del siglo pasado. Actualmente, dichas funciones están plenamente vigentes, pero además, se amplían las mismas como infraestructuras básicas para la regulación de recursos en el ámbito comarcal, independientemente de su origen. Las nuevas funciones que cumplirán las balsas son: Regulación de volúmenes de aguas superficiales, derivadas de ríos, sin interferir en las dinámicas naturales de los mismos. Acoplar la oferta y la demanda de aguas residuales y desaladas, haciendo posible, además, la utilización de fuentes de energía renovables. Contribuir como micro-humedales, en combinación con la actividad agraria, en el aumento de la biodiversidad [ENG] The functions of earth reservoirs are well known, as essential infrastructures in the modernization, consolidation and sustainability of irrigation systems, since the end of the 60s of the last century. Currently, these functions are fully in force, but they are also expanded as basic infrastructures for the regulation of resources at the regional level, regardless of their origin. The new functions that the earth reservoirs will fulfill are: Regulation of surface water volumes derived from rivers, without interfering with their natural dynamics. Coupling the supply and demand of wastewater and desalinated, also making possible the use of renewable energy sources. Contribute as micro-wetlands, in combination with agricultural activity, in increasing biodiversity

Health Services Utilization, Work Absenteeism and Costs of Pandemic Influenza A (H1N1) 2009 in Spain: A Multicenter-Longitudinal Study

Background: The aim of this study was to estimate healthcare resource utilization, work absenteeism and cost per patient with pandemic influenza (H1N1)2009, from its beginning to March 2010, in Spain. We also estimated the economic impact on healthcare services. Methods and Findings: Longitudinal, descriptive,multicenter study of in- and outpatients with confirmed diagnosis of influenza A (H1N1) in Spain. Temporal distribution of cases was comparable to that in Spain. Information of healthcare and social resources used from one week before admission (inpatient) or index-medical visit (outpatient) until recovery was gathered. Unit cost was imputed to utilization frequency for the monetary valuation of use. Mean cost per patient was calculated. A sensitivity analysis was conducted, and variables correlated with cost per patient were identified. Economic impact on the healthcare system was estimated using healthcare costs per patient and both, the reported number of confirmed and clinical cases in Spain. 172 inpatients and 224 outpatients were included. Less than 10% were over 65 years old and more than 50% had previous comorbidities. 12.8% of inpatients were admitted to the Intensive Care Unit. Mean length of hospital stay of patients not requiring critical care was 5 days (SD =4.4). All working-inpatients and 91.7% working-outpatients went on sick leave. On average, work absenteeism was 30.5 days (SD=20.7) for the first ones and 9 days (SD= 6.3) for the latest. Caregivers of 21.7% of inpatients and 8.5% of outpatients also had work absenteeism during 10.7 and 4.1 days on average respectively. Mean cost was J6,236/inpatient (CI95%=1,384-14,623) and J940/outpatient (CI95% =66-3,064). The healthcare economic burden of patients with confirmed influenza was J144,773,577 (IC95% 13,753,043-383,467,535). More than 86% of expenditures were a result of outpatients" utilization. Conclusion: Cost per H1N1-patient did not defer much from seasonal influenza estimates. Hospitalizations and work absenteeism represented the highest cost per patient

Impact of biological agents on postsurgical complications in inflammatory bowel disease: A multicentre study of Geteccu

Background: The impact of biologics on the risk of postoperative complications (PC) in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is still an ongoing debate. This lack of evidence is more relevant for ustekinumab and vedolizumab. Aims: To evaluate the impact of biologics on the risk of PC. Methods: A retrospective study was performed in 37 centres. Patients treated with biologics within 12 weeks before surgery were considered “exposed”. The impact of the exposure on the risk of 30-day PC and the risk of infections was assessed by logistic regression and propensity score-matched analysis. Results: A total of 1535 surgeries were performed on 1370 patients. Of them, 711 surgeries were conducted in the exposed cohort (584 anti-TNF, 58 vedolizumab and 69 ustekinumab). In the multivariate analysis, male gender (OR: 1.5; 95% CI: 1.2–2.0), urgent surgery (OR: 1.6; 95% CI: 1.2–2.2), laparotomy approach (OR: 1.5; 95% CI: 1.1–1.9) and severe anaemia (OR: 1.8; 95% CI: 1.3–2.6) had higher risk of PC, while academic hospitals had significantly lower risk. Exposure to biologics (either anti-TNF, vedolizumab or ustekinumab) did not increase the risk of PC (OR: 1.2; 95% CI: 0.97–1.58), although it could be a risk factor for postoperative infections (OR 1.5; 95% CI: 1.03–2.27). Conclusions: Preoperative administration of biologics does not seem to be a risk factor for overall PC, although it may be so for postoperative infections

Anti-tumour necrosis factor discontinuation in inflammatory bowel disease patients in remission: study protocol of a prospective, multicentre, randomized clinical trial

Background: Patients with inflammatory bowel disease who achieve remission with anti-tumour necrosis factor (anti-TNF) drugs may have treatment withdrawn due to safety concerns and cost considerations, but there is a lack of prospective, controlled data investigating this strategy. The primary study aim is to compare the rates of clinical remission at 1?year in patients who discontinue anti-TNF treatment versus those who continue treatment. Methods: This is an ongoing, prospective, double-blind, multicentre, randomized, placebo-controlled study in patients with Crohn?s disease or ulcerative colitis who have achieved clinical remission for ?6?months with an anti-TNF treatment and an immunosuppressant. Patients are being randomized 1:1 to discontinue anti-TNF therapy or continue therapy. Randomization stratifies patients by the type of inflammatory bowel disease and drug (infliximab versus adalimumab) at study inclusion. The primary endpoint of the study is sustained clinical remission at 1?year. Other endpoints include endoscopic and radiological activity, patient-reported outcomes (quality of life, work productivity), safety and predictive factors for relapse. The required sample size is 194 patients. In addition to the main analysis (discontinuation versus continuation), subanalyses will include stratification by type of inflammatory bowel disease, phenotype and previous treatment. Biological samples will be obtained to identify factors predictive of relapse after treatment withdrawal. Results: Enrolment began in 2016, and the study is expected to end in 2020. Conclusions: This study will contribute prospective, controlled data on outcomes and predictors of relapse in patients with inflammatory bowel disease after withdrawal of anti-TNF agents following achievement of clinical remission. Clinical trial reference number: EudraCT 2015-001410-1

Renewable, ethical? Assessing the energy justice potential of renewable electricity

Energy justice is increasingly being used as a framework to conceptualize the impacts of energy decision making in more holistic ways and to consider the social implications in terms of existing ethical values. Similarly, renewable energy technologies are increasingly being promoted for their environmental and social benefits. However, little work has been done to systematically examine the extent to which, in what ways and in what contexts, renewable energy technologies can contribute to achieving energy justice. This paper assesses the potential of renewable electricity technologies to address energy justice in various global contexts via a systematic review of existing studies analyzed in terms of the principles and dimensions of energy justice. Based on publications including peer reviewed academic literature, books, and in some cases reports by government or international organizations, we assess renewable electricity technologies in both grid integrated and off-grid use contexts. We conduct our investigation through the rubric of the affirmative and prohibitive principles of energy justice and in terms of its temporal, geographic, socio-political, economic, and technological dimensions. Renewable electricity technology development has and continue to have different impacts in different social contexts, and by considering the different impacts explicitly across global contexts, including differences between rural and urban contexts, this paper contributes to identifying and understanding how, in what ways, and in what particular conditions and circumstances renewable electricity technologies may correspond with or work to promote energy justice

Safety factor nomograms for homogeneous earth dams less than ten meters high

[EN] Homogeneous earth dams that are waterproofed with geomembranes are a suitable option for storing water and other sorts of liquids, like leachates from landfills. Such dams do not require complicated engineering technical calculations, their cost is usually low and they are not difficult to construct To ensure the. geotechnical safety of the dam, the slopes of the embankment must be correctly designed and constructed. This paper provides a set of nomograms which allow the user to get the safety factor of the slopes immediately. In some cases, it is only necessary to know previously the material classification according to the Unified Soil Classifications System. From this information it can be determined whether the material is appropriate or not. If the material classification is not available, geotechnical data of the material used in the construction of the embankment are needed, Examples of the application of nomograms are presented. Secondly, the paper includes a set of equations to calculate quickly the safety factor of a slope of earth upper than 7.5 m height.Colomer Mendoza, FJ.; Ferrer Gisbert, A.; Gallardo Izquierdo, A.; Bovea, M. (2009). Safety factor nomograms for homogeneous earth dams less than ten meters high. Engineering Geology. 105(3-4):231-238. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2009.01.001S2312381053-