Apropriação do português por adultos eslavófonos: o tempo e o aspeto

Doutoramento em DidácticaAs alterações no panorama social português que ocorreram no virar do milénio, marcadas pela chegada massiva de imigrantes provenientes de países que não tinham laços históricos e linguísticos com Portugal – com destaque para as comunidades do Leste europeu –, vieram colocar novos desafios à sociedade e à escola portuguesas. Com o propósito de caracterizar o perfil de apropriação da Língua Portuguesa (LP) de aprendentes adultos eslavófonos residentes em Portugal, foram recolhidos 87 questionários e testes linguísticos junto de adultos falantes de línguas eslavas que frequentavam cursos de LP em contexto formal/ não formal. Complementarmente, foram realizadas 17 entrevistas a aprendentes e professores. A análise de dados, de carácter quantitativo e qualitativo, centrou-se em três eixos fundamentais: a) o perfil de apropriação da LP; b) a gestão dos repertórios linguísticos; e c) as dificuldades manifestadas na apropriação, compreensão e uso do sistema temporal-aspetual em LP. Para cada um destes eixos, salientamos as seguintes conclusões: a) o contexto formal/ não formal é aquele que é considerado o mais eficaz; a apropriação da LP decorre ainda em contexto de autoaprendizagem e em contexto informal. A expressão oral afigura-se como uma competência de intervenção prioritária para este público. b) os repertórios linguísticos dos informantes deste estudo são limitados em número e diversidade de línguas, estando quase circunscritos às línguas eslavas, com amplo destaque para o Russo. A influência das Línguas Maternas na apropriação da LP é percecionada, de uma forma geral, como negativa, e é reduzida a adoção de estratégias de rentabilização interlinguística. c) as principais dificuldades no que se refere ao Tempo e Aspeto prendem- -se com o modo conjuntivo, os tempos compostos, os valores secundários de alguns tempos verbais, o pretérito perfeito composto do indicativo, a distinção entre o pretérito perfeito simples e o pretérito imperfeito do indicativo e a distinção entre os verbos ‘ser’ e ‘estar’. De uma forma global, apontam-se como pistas de intervenção a criação de cursos de LP de nível mais avançado, uma maior rentabilização do capital linguístico presente em sala de aula e a frequência, por parte dos docentes, de formação em línguas eslavas. A nível de recursos didáticos, sugere-se a elaboração de materiais bilingues para autoaprendizagem e de materiais de apoio ao professor. Seria igualmente útil a promoção de mais oportunidades de interação entre imigrantes e nativos.Changes in the Portuguese social scene that occurred at the turn of the millennium, marked by the massive influx of immigrants from countries that had no historical and linguistic ties with Portugal – especially from Eastern Europe –, have brought about new challenges to Portuguese society and schools. In order to characterise the learning profile of adult speakers of Slavic Languages learning the Portuguese Language (LP) and living in Portugal, 87 questionnaires and language tests were applied to adult learners who attended LP courses in formal/ non-formal context. In addition, 17 interviews were carried out with learners and teachers. The data analysis, which combined both quantitative and qualitative methods, focused on three main areas: a) the LP learning profile; b) the management of language repertoires; and c) the difficulties experienced in the appropriation, comprehension, and use of Time and Aspect in the LP. For each of these areas, we highlight the following conclusions: a) the formal/ non-formal context is considered the most effective one; LP learning also occurs in self-learning and in informal contexts. Speaking represents a major priority for this target audience. b) the language repertoires of the informants of this study are limited in number and diversity of languages, and are almost confined to the Slavic languages group, with a great emphasis on Russian. The influence of First Languages in the appropriation of the LP is perceived as negative, in general, and the recourse to other languages as a learning strategy is not significant. c) the main difficulties with regard to Time and Aspect are linked to the subjunctive mood, the compound tenses, the secondary values of some verb tenses, the tense ‘pretérito perfeito composto’ of the indicative mood, the distinction between the tenses ‘pretérito perfeito simples’ and ‘pretérito imperfeito’ of the indicative mood, and the distinction between the verbs ‘ser’ and ‘estar’ (both of which can be translated as ‘to be’). In general, the teaching of the LP to this group of learners is perceived to benefit from the creation of advanced level courses of LP, a stronger recourse to the languages present in the classroom, and the training of LP teachers in Slavic languages. The development of bilingual resources for self-learning and resources aimed at the self-training of teachers would be very useful, as would the promotion of more opportunities for interaction between immigrants and natives.Изменение социального фона Португалии, которое произошло на рубеже тысячелетия, ознаменовалось массовым притоком иммигрантов из стран Восточной Европы не имеющих исторических, и лингвистических связей с Португалией, привело к возникновению новых задач перед обществом и в образовании. Для характеристики особенностей освоения португальского языка (ПЯ) среди славяноязычных групп, проживающих в Португалии, были обработаны 87 анкет и языковых тестов, проведенных со взрослыми учащимися, которые посещали курсы португальского языка формального/ неформального обучения. Кроме того, были проведены 17 интервью с учащимися и преподавателями. Анализ данных, количественного и качественного исследования, сосредоточен на трех основных направлениях: а) уровень освоения португальского языка; б) управление базовыми знаниями языка; и в) сложности при изучении видовременной системы португальского глагола. По каждому из этих направлений, были сделаны следующие выводы: а) формальным/ неформальным обучением является то, которое считается наиболее эффективным, изучение ПЯ также проходит в контексте самообразования и информального обучения. Как приоритетной компетенцией для данных учащихся является устная речь. б) языковая база участников данного исследования ограничена числом и разнообразием представленных языков славянской группы с преобладанием русского языка. Влияние родных языков на изучение ПЯ, воспринимается, в целом, как отрицательно, что снижает адаптации стратегий межъязыковой коммуникации. в) основные трудности употребления времени и вида глаголов, связанны с функциями сослагательного наклонения, правилам согласования, разнообразию некоторых времен глагола, сложному прошедшему времени ‘pretérito perfeito composto do indicativo’ изъявительного наклонения, различию между прошедшим временем совершенного вида ‘pretérito perfeito simples’ и прошедшим временем несовершенного вида ‘pretérito imperfeito do indicativo’ изъявительного наклонения, различию между неправильными глаголами ‘ser’ и ‘estar’. Подходя глобально к полученным результатам дидактических исследований, были отмечены пути для качественного изучения языка: создание курсов ПЯ более высокого уровня, наличие знаний языка славянской группы у преподавателей курсов ПЯ. Относительно дидактических ресурсов, предлагается разработка материала на двух языках предназначенного для самостоятельного изучения, а так же используемого как пособие для преподавателя. Так же необходимо развитие других возможностей общения для языкового взаимодействия между иммигрантами и носителями языка

Co-combustão de Hidrogénio Em Centrais a Gás de Ciclo Combinado

O setor da produção de energia elétrica é um dos grandes responsáveis pela emissão de gases de efeito de estufa para a atmosfera, não só de dióxido de carbono como outros poluentes. As centrais a gás de ciclo combinado com turbina a gás (CCTG) contribuem fortemente para esta poluição pois, atualmente, são as únicas centrais térmicas de grande porte em operação no sistema elétrico nacional. Pela sua reconhecida importância no setor elétrico e o seu impacto ambiental, é de extrema importância adotar medidas que promovam a minimização das emissões, sem comprometer o correto funcionamento dos equipamentos e a sua eficiência energética. A utilização do Hidrogénio nas turbinas a gás em co-combustão com o gás natural é uma inovação anunciada para as centrais de CCTG, assumindo para estas instalações um papel essencial na transição energética. As caraterísticas físicas do H2 facilitam esta co-combustão, com um potencial técnico e económico que prometem contribuir para um futuro energético limpo, seguro e acessível. Este artigo identifica as principais implicações técnicas da queima do hidrogénio em turbinas a gás e os benefícios obtidos ao nível da redução das emissões de CO2, quer do ponto de vista ambiental, quer do ponto de vista económico, fazendo referência às licenças de emissões.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

SARS-CoV-2 introductions and early dynamics of the epidemic in Portugal

Genomic surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 in Portugal was rapidly implemented by the National Institute of Health in the early stages of the COVID-19 epidemic, in collaboration with more than 50 laboratories distributed nationwide. Methods By applying recent phylodynamic models that allow integration of individual-based travel history, we reconstructed and characterized the spatio-temporal dynamics of SARSCoV-2 introductions and early dissemination in Portugal. Results We detected at least 277 independent SARS-CoV-2 introductions, mostly from European countries (namely the United Kingdom, Spain, France, Italy, and Switzerland), which were consistent with the countries with the highest connectivity with Portugal. Although most introductions were estimated to have occurred during early March 2020, it is likely that SARS-CoV-2 was silently circulating in Portugal throughout February, before the first cases were confirmed. Conclusions Here we conclude that the earlier implementation of measures could have minimized the number of introductions and subsequent virus expansion in Portugal. This study lays the foundation for genomic epidemiology of SARS-CoV-2 in Portugal, and highlights the need for systematic and geographically-representative genomic surveillance.We gratefully acknowledge to Sara Hill and Nuno Faria (University of Oxford) and Joshua Quick and Nick Loman (University of Birmingham) for kindly providing us with the initial sets of Artic Network primers for NGS; Rafael Mamede (MRamirez team, IMM, Lisbon) for developing and sharing a bioinformatics script for sequence curation (https://github.com/rfm-targa/BioinfUtils); Philippe Lemey (KU Leuven) for providing guidance on the implementation of the phylodynamic models; Joshua L. Cherry (National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health) for providing guidance with the subsampling strategies; and all authors, originating and submitting laboratories who have contributed genome data on GISAID (https://www.gisaid.org/) on which part of this research is based. The opinions expressed in this article are those of the authors and do not reflect the view of the National Institutes of Health, the Department of Health and Human Services, or the United States government. This study is co-funded by Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia and Agência de Investigação Clínica e Inovação Biomédica (234_596874175) on behalf of the Research 4 COVID-19 call. Some infrastructural resources used in this study come from the GenomePT project (POCI-01-0145-FEDER-022184), supported by COMPETE 2020 - Operational Programme for Competitiveness and Internationalisation (POCI), Lisboa Portugal Regional Operational Programme (Lisboa2020), Algarve Portugal Regional Operational Programme (CRESC Algarve2020), under the PORTUGAL 2020 Partnership Agreement, through the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF), and by Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT).info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

A search for ultra-high-energy photons at the Pierre Auger Observatory exploiting air-shower universality

The Pierre Auger Observatory is the most sensitive detector to primary photons with energies above ∼0.2 EeV. It measures extensive air showers using a hybrid technique that combines a fluorescence detector (FD) with a ground array of particle detectors (SD). The signatures of a photon-induced air shower are a larger atmospheric depth at the shower maximum (X$_{max}$) and a steeper lateral distribution function, along with a lower number of muons with respect to the bulk of hadron-induced background. Using observables measured by the FD and SD, three photon searches in different energy bands are performed. In particular, between threshold energies of 1-10 EeV, a new analysis technique has been developed by combining the FD-based measurement of X$_{max}$ with the SD signal through a parameter related to its muon content, derived from the universality of the air showers. This technique has led to a better photon/hadron separation and, consequently, to a higher search sensitivity, resulting in a tighter upper limit than before. The outcome of this new analysis is presented here, along with previous results in the energy ranges below 1 EeV and above 10 EeV. From the data collected by the Pierre Auger Observatory in about 15 years of operation, the most stringent constraints on the fraction of photons in the cosmic flux are set over almost three decades in energy

Study on multi-ELVES in the Pierre Auger Observatory

Since 2013, the four sites of the Fluorescence Detector (FD) of the Pierre Auger Observatory record ELVES with a dedicated trigger. These UV light emissions are correlated to distant lightning strikes. The length of recorded traces has been increased from 100 μs (2013), to 300 μs (2014-16), to 900 μs (2017-present), to progressively extend the observation of the light emission towards the vertical of the causative lightning and beyond. A large fraction of the observed events shows double ELVES within the time window, and, in some cases, even more complex structures are observed. The nature of the multi-ELVES is not completely understood but may be related to the different types of lightning in which they are originated. For example, it is known that Narrow Bipolar Events can produce double ELVES, and Energetic In-cloud Pulses, occurring between the main negative and upper positive charge layer of clouds, can induce double and even quadruple ELVES in the ionosphere. This report shows the seasonal and daily dependence of the time gap, amplitude ratio, and correlation between the pulse widths of the peaks in a sample of 1000+ multi-ELVES events recorded during the period 2014-20. The events have been compared with data from other satellite and ground-based sensing devices to study the correlation of their properties with lightning observables such as altitude and polarity