Humerus Fracture in a Buff-necked Ibis (Theristicus caudatus) - Anesthesia and Surgical Procedures

Background: The medical science of birds, with the exception of aviculture, has a very short history compared to other subdisciplines of veterinary medicine. With this in mind, the current work aims to report the case of a buff-necked ibis with an open fracture of the left humerus, presenting the surgical treatment and anesthetic protocol used, in order to contribute to the avian medical literature.Case: An adult buff-necked ibis (Theristicus caudatus) was referred to the University Veterinary Hospital with an open fracture of the left humeral shaft, 7 days after rescue. During the physical examination, a skin lesion was identified in the fracture area, with signs of low vascularization, devitalization, necrotic tissues, and purulent secretions being noted. On radiographic examination, the fracture was classified as comminuted, with exposure of the left humeral shaft. After evaluatingthe limb, it was decided to amputate the wing, and 24 h later, the patient was referred to the operating room after fasting for 4 h. As pre-anesthetic medication, ketamine (20 mg/kg) and midazolam (1 mg/kg) were administered, both intramuscularly. Orotracheal intubation was performed, after which the tracheal tube was connected to a Baraka-type gas-free system andthe supply of isoflurane was started through a universal vaporizer, diluted in 100% oxygen. For transoperative analgesia, brachial plexus block was performed using 2% lidocaine (2 mg/kg). During the surgical procedure, an incision was made in the skin and subcutaneous tissue in the middle third of the left humerus, and detachment of the greater deltoid muscle was performed with a periosteal elevator, followed by excision of the tensor propatagialis. In the ventrodorsal region, circular ligation of the brachial vein, ulnar vein and artery, and median-ulnar nerve was carried out, and disarticulation of the scapulacoracoid-humeral region. Subsequently, abolition of dead space and a myorrhaphy were performed, followed by demorrhaphy. In the immediate post-operative period, morphine (5 mg/kg), meloxicam (0.1 mg/kg), and enrofloxacin (10 mg/kg) were administered intramuscularly. The patient was discharged from the hospital 6 h after the end of the surgical procedure.Discussion: Interest in the conservation of wild birds is one of the causes of the increased demand for anesthetic and surgical procedures in these species. However, it is a challenge for professionals in the field. The use of analgesics is recommended for reasons of well-being, but also because of the possibility of reducing the concentration of inhalational anesthetics in surgical procedures. Ketamine associated with midazolam promotes sufficient sedation and muscle relaxation in the patient, enabling safe preoperative management, in addition to reducing the amount of inhaled anesthetics used during the transoperative period. Isofluorane promotes safe general anesthesia for birds and has an advantage over injectable drugs, as it provides better dynamic control of anesthetic depth in these species. The brachial plexus block performed is a simple procedure that promotes quality anesthesia and analgesia in the perioperative period. The choice for amputation was due to the absence of musculature for closure, severe skin, muscle, and bone devitalization, and the infectious process in the region, factors that would prevent osteosynthesis. Although amputation through the bone is preferable, the disarticulation technique was used due to the absence of a healthy proximal humeral fragment. The patient’s death can be explained by the poor nutritional status the bird was in, as it presented an open fracture with severe contamination, a concomitant injury that occurred during the possible trauma, and the excessive time between the day of the trauma and the day of medical attendance. However, the surgical and anesthetic procedures were adequate and satisfactory for the patient. The importance of identifying and treating diseases secondary to contaminated fractures in these species is emphasized. Keywords: bird, avian medicine, fauna, lesions, recovery. Título: Fratura de úmero em uma curicaca (Theristicus caudatus) - manejo anestésico e cirúrgico Descritores: aves, medicina aviária, fauna, lesões, recuperação

Cloacoplasty in a 40-Day-Old Monk Parakeet with Cloacal Prolapse

Background: The monk parakeet (Myiopsitta monachus) is also known as the quaker parrot and belongs to the order Psittaciformes in the family Psittacidae. The cloaca is a posterior orifice common to reproductive, digestive and urinary systems and the cloacal prolapse is the displacement or inversion of its anatomic position. Nowadays, the non-conventional pet market in Brazil is rapidly growing, which demands more skills and competences from an avian veterinarian. This study case has as its main objective to present a 40-day-old monk parakeet (Myiopsitta monachus) with cloacal prolapse, treated using the cloacoplasty technique. It is important to mention that the occurrence of cloacal prolapse in this species and in such an early age is uncommon.Case: The patient presented 1 day before the physical examination an increased volume in the cloacal region and hematochezia, and diagnosed as cloacal prolapse. For the treatment, wounds were washed using physiological saline solution, ice and sugar were applied in order to reduce the edema, and mineral oil was used for repositioning the cloacal mucosa. Finally, local anesthesia was applied and 2 isolated contralateral sutures were done with the objective of reducing the sphincter’s diameter, without compromising the flow of urine and feces.  The monk parakeet was treated with antibiotic Avitrin®)  [oxytetracycline hydrochloride - 8.1 mg/mL] and a vermifuge [mebendazole 50 mg/mL]. A sample of feces was also obtained and sent to the Laboratory of Avian Pathology Diagnosis. The patient was discharged after 7 days of the treatment, obtaining a favorable result with no further complications.Discussion: The results of the coproparasitological examination were negative for the samples analyzed; nevertheless, the possibility of a false negative result cannot be totally dismissed. Cloacal prolapse may be related to cases of hypersexual disorder or overexertion to defecate due to intestinal parasites, posture, polyps, enteritis, neoplasm or cloacal hyperplasia. Besides that, endoparasitism is common in captive birds. For the correct treatment, proceed with a cloacoplasty, in which 1 or 2 simple sutures are made separated laterally in both sides, promoting the narrowing of the orifice. The surgeries such as the cloacoplasty are currently being defended, but in most cases as an adjuvant therapy. Cloacal prolapse in birds is a disease considered as an intestinal emergency. The techniques presented in this work demand sedation or anesthesia for the patient, which were not authorized by the tutor due to the high risk involved. However, due to the characteristic of domestication and docile behavior of the bird, it was possible to perform the 2 sutures with a local anesthetic block only. Cloacal prolapse is relatively common in adult psittacine birds, but uncommon in monk parakeets and young birds.  The treatment performed was effective for the monk-parakeet presented in this study case. The authors, however, would like to strongly reinforce the need to identify the cause of cloacal prolapse in order to properly treat it. The importance of correctly identifying the anatomy of a psittacine bird as well as applying precisely the suture techniques are the most important conclusions obtained, making both the identification of the problem and its solution through surgical intervention a simpler and successful process.Keywords: birds, endoparasites, suture, wild

AVALIAÇÃO DOS NÍVEIS DE PROTEÍNA C REATIVA CIRCULANTE E DO SNP rs1205 DO GENE CRP COM OBESIDADE, CARACTERÍSTICAS ANTROPOMÉTRICAS E MARCADORES BIOQUÍMICOS

A obesidade é um grave pro¬blema de saúde pública e está relacionada a um baixo grau de inflamação crô¬nica. A Proteína C Reativa (PCR) é caracterizada como proteína de fase aguda, mas em resposta à inflamação e em estados crônicos, pode assumir um papel pró-inflamatório, como no caso da obesidade. Para tanto, teve-se por objetivo avaliar a possível relação dos níveis de PCR circulante e do SNP rs1205 do gene CRP com obesidade, características antropométricas e marcadores bioquímicos em escolares de Santa Cruz do Sul – RS. Este estudo caracteriza-se por ser transversal retrospectivo, sendo realizado com 380 escolares de 07 a 17 anos de idade. A genotipagem do polimorfismo de nucleotídeo único (SNP) rs1205C/T foi realizada através de PCR em tempo real. Foram coletados dados antropométricos e realizados testes bioquímicos. O tratamento estatístico foi realizado por estatística descritiva, Kruskal-Wallis, Mann-Whitney e regressão logística multivariada. Com este estudo, foi observada prevalência de 25,3% de sobrepeso e obesidade nos escolares estudados, e que portadores do alelo de risco (T) apresentaram maior chance de desenvolver hipercolesterolemia (OR =2,67; 95% IC: 1,265 - 5,657). O SNP rs1205 do gene CRP foi associado à hipercolesterolemia, podendo assim, aumentar o risco de problemas cardiovasculares na fase adulta

Consolidation of Tibia Fractures in Rabbits

Background: Disorders of the locomotor system are among the main treatments for this species, among the main causes are falls from a cage, arms or stairs and aggression by animals, such as dogs and cats. Biological osteosynthesis promotes early formation of secondary bone callus and allows a less accurate reconstruction of difficult interfragmentary apposition of 100% of the fragments. The objective of this work is to report the method of external immobilization with an aluminum channel aiming at the use of bone biology for the healing of unexposed tibial fractures in 3 rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus). Cases: Between 2020 and 2021, 3 cases of rabbits with unexposed tibial fractures were treated at the Veterinary Hospital. The 3 patients were diagnosed through physical examination and radiographic examination. All patients underwent anesthesia, underwent external immobilization with an aluminum channel, received analgesics and anti-inflammatory drugs, and recommended rest and care with the maintenance of external immobilization. Approximately at 30 days of rigid immobilization, all cases were evaluated by means of radiographic examination revealing the formation of bone callus at different post-immobilization times in the case 1 - 30 days, case 2 - 23 days and case 3 - 37 days. Discussion: Some surgical principles in rabbits must be followed, such as preserving vascularity if the open technique is decided, providing adequate diet, controlling edema, promoting analgesia and deciding on closed reduction if the fracture is recent and stable. The external coaptation method is a non-invasive method for the treatment of fractures and is also indicated with a high success rate for fractures of metacarpal, metatarsal and phalange bones in rabbits. The patient's age contributed to the early healing, which corroborates with case 1 (3-month-old), case 2 (6-month-old) and a little later the healing in case 3 (24-month-old), allowing unrestricted use of the member. It is worth reinforcing the point of view which defends that "biological osteosynthesis" promotes a favorable environment, especially in the preservation of the vascular supply of the periosteum when compared to traditional open surgical approaches. In this species, the surgical approach is a challenge due to the fact that the bones break or crack very easily, because the bones have a low density and higher mineral composition. Together, the skeleton represents 7% of the body weight, lower when compared to dogs and cats, which is 12%. In addition to these factors, rabbits are prone to secondary fractures, postoperative infections and rapid development of osteomyelitis, which significantly worsens the prognosis. The aluminum used in the manufacture of the aluminum channel has properties that offer resistance, lightness and radio transparency radiographic examination without removal of the channel, avoiding excessive micro-movement of the focus of the fracture due to lack of stabilization and possible refracture of the tibia. Rigid external immobilization with an aluminum channel was satisfactory in the 3 patients evaluated and preserved bone biology and anatomical axis. The treatment of choice was easy to apply, in addition to enabling better radiographic follow-up, promoting rapid bone healing for patients and early use of limbs without restrictions. However, for the effectiveness of the technique, the collaboration of tutors is essential. Keywords: biological, fracture, immobilization, osteosynthesis, orthopedics. Título: Consolidação de fraturas de tíbia em coelhos Descritores:  biológica, fratura, imobilização, osteossíntese, ortopedia

Escolares portadores do alelo a para o polimorfismo rs9939609 do gene FTO apresentam resposta diferente para o índice de massa corporal, após programa de intervenção interdisciplinar?

Justificative e Objective: Polymorphisms in the gene related to fat mass and obesity - FTO has been associated with obesity by its effects in the individual's energy homeostasis. Thus, we seek to verify if the children with risk allele (A) for obesity polymorphism rs9939609 in the FTO gene, respond differently to an intervention program with physical and nutritional counseling exercise, compared to students who do not have this allele, with relation to body mass index. Methods: A quasi-experimental study with 46 students, distributed also in experimental and control group, the rural municipality of Santa Cruz do Sul-RS. The variant A/T polymorphism rs9939609, the FTO gene was genotyped using the system TaqMan in Step One Plus automated equipment. The interdisciplinary program lasted four months, being held 3 times per week, in turn contrary to the classes. The duration of each session was 1 hour and 30 minutes. Results: In the experimental group, a school with TT genotype were overweight, went on to have a normalBMI after of the program. For AT + AA genotypes, the school kept the score (obesity), and a school who were overweight before the the intervention began to show obesity after termination thereof. The analysis of BMI values before and after the intervention , revealed that there was no significant difference in both the experimental group (p = 0.088) and in the control (p = 0.964). Conclusion: the schoolchildren, regardless of genotype, responded similarly to the interdisciplinary program with exercise and nutritional guidance.Justificativa e Objetivo: Polimorfismos no gene relacionado à massa gorda e obesidade - FTO (fat mass and obesity associated) têm sido associados com obesidade pelos seus efeitos na homeostase de energia do indivíduo. Assim, busca-se verificar se escolares portadores do alelo de risco para obesidade (A), do polimorfismo rs9939609, do gene FTO, respondem diferentemente a um programa de intervenção com exercício físico e orientação nutricional, em comparação aos escolares que não possuem este alelo, com relação ao Índice de Massa Corporal (IMC). Métodos: estudo quase-experimental, realizado com 46 escolares, distribuídos, igualmente, em grupos experimental e controle, da zona rural do município de Santa Cruz do Sul-RS. A variante A/T, do polimorfismo rs9939609 do gene FTO, foi genotipada utilizando-se o sistemaTaqManTM, em equipamento automatizado StepOne Plus. O programa interdisciplinar teve duração de 4 meses, sendo realizado 3 vezes por semana, no turno contrário ao das aulas. A duração de cada foi de 1 hora e 30 minutos. Resultados: no grupo experimental, um escolar com genótipo TT que apresentava sobrepeso, passou a ter IMC normal após o programa. Para os genótipos AT + AA, os escolares mantiveram a classificação (obesidade), sendo que um escolar que apresentava sobrepeso, passou a apresentar obesidade, após o término da intervenção. A análise dos valores de IMC, antes e após a intervenção, revelou que não houve diferença significativa, tanto no grupo experimental (p=0,088), quanto no controle (p=0,964). Conclusão: independente do genótipo, os escolares responderam de forma semelhante ao programa interdisciplinar com exercícios físicos e orientação nutricional

Aspectos morfológicos da glândula molar em leão (Panthera leo)/ Morphological aspects of the molar gland in lion (Panthera leo)

O conhecimento morfológico das glândulas salivares é importante nas espécies silvestres e domésticas. As glândulas salivares dos felinos são mandibulares, parótida, sublingual, zigomática e molar. As glândulas molares são um total de duas no leão (Panthera leo), com secreção predominante mucosa. Dessa forma, o objetivo desse trabalho foi descrever anatomicamente a glândula molar. O presente trabalho foi realizado no laboratório de anatomia na Universidade Federal de Santa Maria. Foi dissecada uma cabeça de uma leoa (Panthera leo) de vinte e três anos que pertencia a um criadouro de Santa Maria/RS. Fixou-se e realizou-se a dissecação das glândulas molares de ambos os lados da face, com rebatimento da pele, do músculo platisma e remoção do músculo subcutâneo. A forma, posição e a relação das glândulas foram observadas. Com a fita métrica foram realizadas medidas da extremidade do nariz até o ponto mais alto da crista nucal (Medida A), desta até o ponto médio entre os ângulos mediais dos olhos (Medida B), e de uma linha reta transversal partindo do processo angular da mandíbula até o dorso da cabeça (Medida C). Mediram-se também com auxílio de um parquímetro o comprimento, a largura e a profundidade das glândulas. Logo, a glândula molar apresentou uma forma retangular alongada, com medidas proporcionais em relação ao tamanho da cabeça, de 1/6 a 1/7 do comprimento, e de 1/16 a 1/23 da largura

Associação de polimorfismos nos genes FTO, TMEM18 e ADIPOQ, e concentração sérica de adiponectina com excesso de peso e perfil bioquímico em escolares de Santa Cruz do Sul/RS - Brasil

A obesidade é uma doença multifatorial e poligênica, relacionada ao desenvolvimento de complicações metabólicas e cardiorrespiratórias. Sugere-se que fatores genéticos contribuam de 40 a 70% na susceptibilidade de desenvolvimento da obesidade e, nesse contexto, Polimorfismos de Nucleotídeo Único (SNPs) nos genes FTO (Fat mass obesity-associated), TMEM18 (proteína transmembranar 18) e ADIPOQ (Adiponectina) se mostraram relacionados à alterações nos parâmetros antropométricos e bioquímicos. A partir disso, objetivou-se analisar a relação entre os SNPs nos genes FTO (rs9939609), TMEM18 (rs6548238) e ADIPOQ (rs182052) com o excesso de peso e as características antropométricas e bioquímicas em escolares de Santa Cruz do Sul/RS. Esse estudo, de caráter transversal, contou com participação de 600 escolares, com idades entre sete e 17 anos. A genotipagem dos SNPs foi realizada através de qPCR. O tratamento dos dados deu-se por estatística descritiva, ANOVA e Kruskal-Wallis. Observou-se neste estudo, que a prevalência de excesso de peso é de 38,3%, que portadores do genótipo AT do rs9939609 (FTO) apresentaram maiores valores de índice de massa corporal (p=0,042), percentual de gordura (%G) (p=0,045) e triglicerídeos (

Associação entre antropometria e perfil clínico com polimorfismos nos genes FNDC5 RS16835198 e RBP4 RS3758539

A prevalência de obesidade é cada vez maior em todo o mundo, principalmente em crianças e adolescentes. Essa condição tem vários fatores causais, entre eles os ambientais, nutricionais e genéticos. Para tanto, esse estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a associação entre antropometria e perfil clínico com polimorfismos (SNPs) dos genes FNDC5 rs16835198 e RBP4 rs3758539. Estudo transversal composto por 496 crianças e adolescentes, com idades entre seis e 17 anos, de escolas da rede pública (estadual e municipal) e privada do município de Santa Cruz do Sul/RS. Foram coletados dados antropométricos e realizados testes bioquímicos e clínicos. A caracterização dos genótipos foi realizada através de PCR em tempo real utilizando o sistema Taqman™. Com este estudo foi observada prevalência de excesso de peso de 36,5% dos escolares avaliados. Além disso, foi observada associação do genótipo TT do SNP rs3758539 RBP4 com maiores níveis de c-LDL, e maiores níveis de circunferência da cintura em portadores do genótipo CT

Associação entre antropometria e perfil clínico com polimorfismos nos genes FNDC5 RS16835198 e RBP4 RS3758539

A prevalência de obesidade é cada vez maior em todo o mundo, principalmente em crianças e adolescentes. Essa condição tem vários fatores causais, entre eles os ambientais, nutricionais e genéticos. Para tanto, esse estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a associação entre antropometria e perfil clínico com polimorfismos (SNPs) dos genes FNDC5 rs16835198 e RBP4 rs3758539. Estudo transversal composto por 496 crianças e adolescentes, com idades entre seis e 17 anos, de escolas da rede pública (estadual e municipal) e privada do município de Santa Cruz do Sul/RS. Foram coletados dados antropométricos e realizados testes bioquímicos e clínicos. A caracterização dos genótipos foi realizada através de PCR em tempo real utilizando o sistema Taqman™. Com este estudo foi observada prevalência de excesso de peso de 36,5% dos escolares avaliados. Além disso, foi observada associação do genótipo TT do SNP rs3758539 RBP4 com maiores níveis de c-LDL, e maiores níveis de circunferência da cintura em portadores do genótipo CT