In vivo activity of Sapindus saponaria against azole-susceptible and -resistant human vaginal Candida species

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Study of <it>in vivo </it>antifungal activity of the hydroalcoholic extract (HE) and n-BuOH extract (BUTE) of <it>Sapindus saponaria </it>against azole-susceptible and -resistant human vaginal <it>Candida </it>spp.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>The <it>in vitro </it>antifungal activity of HE, BUTE, fluconazole (FLU), and itraconazole (ITRA) was determined by the broth microdilution method. We obtained values of minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum fungicide concentration (MFC) for 46 strains of <it>C. albicans </it>and 10 of <it>C. glabrata </it>isolated from patients with vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC). VVC was induced in hyperestrogenic Wistar rats with azole-susceptible <it>C. albicans </it>(SCA), azole-resistant <it>C. albicans </it>(RCA), and azole-resistant <it>C. glabrata </it>(RCG). The rats were treated intravaginally with 0.1 mL of HE or BUTE at concentrations of 1%, 2.5% and 5%; 100 μg/mL of FLU (treatment positive control); or distilled water (negative control) at 1, 24, and 48 h after induction of the infection, and the progress of VVC was monitored by culturing and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The toxicity was evaluated in cervical cells of the HeLa cell line.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>The extracts showed <it>in vitro </it>inhibitory and fungicidal activity against all the isolates, and the MIC and MFC values for the <it>C. glabrata </it>isolates were slightly higher. <it>In vivo</it>, the SCA, RCA, and RCG infections were eliminated by 21 days post-infection, with up to 5% HE and BUTE, comparable to the activity of FLU. No cytotoxic action was observed for either extract.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Our results demonstrated that HE and BUTE from <it>S. saponaria </it>show inhibitory and fungicidal activity <it>in vitro</it>, in addition to <it>in vivo </it>activity against azole-resistant vaginal isolates of <it>C. glabrata </it>and azole-susceptible and resistant isolates of <it>C. albicans</it>. Also considering the lack of cytotoxicity and the low concentrations of the extracts necessary to eliminate the infection <it>in vivo</it>, HE and BUTE show promise for continued studies with purified antifungal substances in VVC yeast isolates.</p

Notes for genera – Ascomycota

Knowledge of the relationships and thus the classification of fungi, has developed rapidly with increasingly widespread use of molecular techniques, over the past 10--15 years, and continues to accelerate. Several genera have been found to be polyphyletic, and their generic concepts have subsequently been emended. New names have thus been introduced for species which are phylogenetically distinct from the type species of particular genera. The ending of the separate naming of morphs of the same species in 2011, has also caused changes in fungal generic names. In order to facilitate access to all important changes, it was desirable to compile these in a single document. The present article provides a list of generic names of Ascomycota (approximately 6500 accepted names published to the end of 2016), including those which are lichen-forming. Notes and summaries of the changes since the last edition of `Ainsworth Bisby's Dictionary of the Fungi' in 2008 are provided. The notes include the number of accepted species, classification, type species (with location of the type material), culture availability, life-styles, distribution, and selected publications that have appeared since 2008. This work is intended to provide the foundation for updating the ascomycete component of the ``Without prejudice list of generic names of Fungi'' published in 2013, which will be developed into a list of protected generic names. This will be subjected to the XIXth International Botanical Congress in Shenzhen in July 2017 agreeing to a modification in the rules relating to protected lists, and scrutiny by procedures determined by the Nomenclature Committee for Fungi (NCF). The previously invalidly published generic names Barriopsis, Collophora (as Collophorina), Cryomyces, Dematiopleospora, Heterospora (as Heterosporicola), Lithophila, Palmomyces (as Palmaria) and Saxomyces are validated, as are two previously invalid family names, Bartaliniaceae and Wiesneriomycetaceae. Four species of Lalaria, which were invalidly published are transferred to Taphrina and validated as new combinations. Catenomycopsis Tibell Constant. is reduced under Chaenothecopsis Vain., while Dichomera Cooke is reduced under Botryosphaeria Ces. De Not. (Art. 59)