Circuit Resistance Training in women: body composition and serum cytokines levels

Exercise can generate adjustments on body composition and elicit benefits or downregulation on the immunologic system. The aim of this study was to analyze the effects of circuit resistance training (CRT) on fat free mass (FFM), fat mass (FM) and cytokine responses in sedentary women, 39.71 ± 3.8 years old (n=14). The protocol consisted of 3 sessions/week of a circuit training of 9 stations with alternating muscle groups. In each session, the subjects performed the circuit 2 times with one set of 8-12 maximal repetitions (RM) in each station, during 10 weeks. The body composition was analyzed by DXA and, the inflammatory cytokines by flow cytometry (IL-1β; IL-6; IL-8; IL-10, IL-12p70 and TNF). Blood samples were collected from the antecubital vein in 8 moments: before the training; 5 min, 24h and 48h post-second session of training; and 5 min, 24, 48 and 96h post-last session of training. Student´s t or Wilcoxon paired tests compared the pre versus post values of body composition and cytokines; and the Friedman´s with Tukey post hoc tests were applied for cytokines levels of blood samples collected in the start of training and also for the collected in the ending of the training (α=0.05). There was an increase in the FFM and a decrease in the FM, and no alterations of cytokines. These results showed what the proposed CRT improved body composition and did not induce pro-inflammatory effects indicated by serum cytokines levels in women

Circuit Resistance Training in women: body composition and cardiac morphology

Exercise can elicit morphologic and functional benefits to the heart, mainly on the left ventricle, that it is responsible for the systemic blood circulation. The aim of this study was to analyze the effects of circuit resistance training (CRT) on body mass (BM), body free fat mass (FFM), body fat mass (FM), left ventricular mass (LVM), rest final diastolic volume (FDV), rest final systolic volume (FSV), rest systolic volume (SV), relationships LVM/body surface (BS), LVM/BM and LVM/FFM in sedentary women, 39.71 ± 3.8 years old (n=14). The protocol consisted of 3 sessions/week of a circuit training of 9 stations with alternating muscle groups. In each session, the subjects performed the circuit 2 times with one set of 8-12 maximal repetitions (RM) in each station, during 10 weeks. The body composition was analyzed by DXA and, the heart parameters by echocardioDoppler in pre and post experimental period. Student´s t test was applied for all variables (α=0.05). There was increase in the FFM and LVM with maintenance of LVM/FFM, demonstrating that a left ventricular hipertrophy accompanied by the increase of the body free fat mass. There was increase in LVM/BS and LVM/BM, with maintenance of the variables FDV, FSV and SV, indicating an improvement in left ventricular morphology to achieve the systemic blood circulation. Besides the increase in FFM, there was a reduction of FM and maintenance of BM. The proposed CRT improved the body composition and the heart morphology in women

Acute effects of a short-term and high intensity exercise on serum cytokines concentrations of sedentary women submitted to a circuit resistance training

The aim of this study was to evaluate the acute effects of short-term and high intensity exercise on serum cytokines concentrations, oxygen consumption and power of sedentary women pre and post 10 weeks of circuit resistance training (CRT). 14 women, 40.23 ± 3.9 years old, 164 ± 6.6 cm and 57.84 ± 7.7 kg were evaluated. Ventilatory threshold (WVT) and VO2peak (IVO2peak) were determined by ergoespirometric incremental test in a cycloergometer. In pre and post CRT, the women performed a test of cycling exercise with two stages: pedaling 30 minutes on WVT and 5 minutes on IVO2peak. The VO2peak was measured by gas analyzer and the cytokines by flow cytometry. The blood samples were taken at rest and immediately after the two stages to measure the plasmatic concentrations of cytokines (IL-1β; IL-6; IL-8; IL-10, IL-12p70 and TNF). Paired Wilcoxon’s test was used to compare the pre and post values of all variables; The cytokines concentrations at rest, and after the two exercise stages were compared by Friedman´s with Tukey post hoc test CRT (α=0.05). The IVO2peak post CRT increased (p=0.01) without alteration of the VO2peak. The IL-6 concentrations were higher after 5 minutes in IVO2peak compared with the rest, both in pre and in post CRT (p\u3c0.05). The alterations in IL-6 plasmatic levels were protocol-dependent; and the proposed CRT increased the power in watts of VO2peak in cycling exercise, but was not sufficient to trigger an inflammatory reaction indicated by serum cytokines levels in women

Relationship between blood lactate and pain levels during and after maximum resistance exercises

The aim of the present study was to examine the relation between lactate concentration and pain during maximum resistance exercises. 14 healthy and non-trained women 39.8 ± 3.9 years, 60.6 ± 6.6 kg and 163.6 ± 6.6 cm were submitted to one maximum repetition test (1-RM) in leg press 45° (LP) and bench press (BP). Fatigue tests (FT) were performed in the same activity apparatus with 48 hours of interval before and after the 26 training sessions. The FT consisted of 3 exercise maximum bouts with 1 minute of interval and 50% of 1-RM. The measurements analyzed were lactate (LAC), lactate/kg of muscle mass (MM), and pain scale at rest, immediately after the 1st, 2nd and 3rd bouts and 5 minutes after the whole exercise. LAC, LAC/kg MM and pain increased during the FT as compared with rest. It was observed a significant increase in the LAC and LAC/kg MM values at rest and after bouts 1 and 2 in LP and BP before and after training. The pain level was not different in the 5 moments of the FT pre and post-training. Furthermore, there was a weak correlation between lactate and pain in LP and BP pre and post-training. In conclusion, the employed FT was capable to increase the lactate response. However, there was not any change in the pain levels, suggesting that the lactate is not a main factor that promotes increased pain during the tests

Strength gain in bench press and spirometric parameters in sedentary healthy women

The aim of this study was to evaluate the correlation between strength gain in bench press and spirometric parameters of sedentary women submitted to a circuit resistance training (CRT). 14 healthy and non-trained women 39.8 ± 3.9 years, 60.6 ± 6.6 kg and 163.6 ± 6.6 cm were submitted to a CRT. The training consisted of 3 sessions/week of a circuit training of 9 stations with alternating muscle groups. In each session, the subjects performed the circuit 2 times with one set of 8-12 maximal repetitions (RM) in each station, during 10 weeks. The spirometric maneuvers, slow vital capacity (SVC), forced expiratory volume (FEV1) and forced vital capacity (FVC) were analyzed by spirometric test, while the strength in bench press was measured by 1-RM test. These tests were performed before and after the CRT. Paired Wilcoxon’s test was applied for comparison between the pre versus post CRT values of the spirometric parameters and of the 1-RM test; and the Spearman’s test for correlation between strength gain in bench press and spirometric parameters in the pre and post CRT (α=0.05 for all statistical tests). In post CRT the strength in bench press test increased, but there was not modification in spirometric parameters; and there was not correlation between the strength gain in bench press and the spirometric parameters analyzed. Therefore, our findings suggest that the gain of strength in bench press induced by CRT do not change spirometric parameters in healthy women

Effects of ovariectomy and resistance training on oxidative stress markers in the rat liver

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to assess the effects of resistance training on oxidative stress markers in the livers of ovariectomized rats. METHOD: Adult Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into the following four groups (n = 8 per group): sham-operated sedentary, ovariectomized sedentary, sham-operated resistance training, and ovariectomized resistance training. During the resistance training period, the animals climbed a 1.1-m vertical ladder with weights attached to their tails; the sessions were conducted 3 times per week, with 4-9 climbs and 8-12 dynamic movements per climb. The oxidative stress was assessed by measuring the levels of reduced glutathione and oxidized glutathione, the enzymatic activity of catalase and superoxide dismutase, lipid peroxidation, vitamin E concentrations, and the gene expression of glutathione peroxidase. RESULTS: The results showed significant reductions in the reduced glutathione/oxidized glutathione ratio (4.11±0.65 nmol/g tec), vitamin E concentration (55.36±11.11 nmol/g), and gene expression of glutathione peroxidase (0.49±0.16 arbitrary units) in the livers of ovariectomized rats compared with the livers of unovariectomized animals (5.71±0.71 nmol/g tec, 100.14±10.99 nmol/g, and 1.09±0.54 arbitrary units, respectively). Moreover, resistance training for 10 weeks was not able to reduce the oxidative stress in the livers of ovariectomized rats and induced negative changes in the hepatic anti-oxidative/oxidative balance. CONCLUSION: Our findings indicate that the resistance training program used in this study was not able to attenuate the hepatic oxidative damage caused by ovariectomy and increased the hepatic oxidative stress

Effects of hospital facilities on patient outcomes after cancer surgery: an international, prospective, observational study

Background Early death after cancer surgery is higher in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs) compared with in high-income countries, yet the impact of facility characteristics on early postoperative outcomes is unknown. The aim of this study was to examine the association between hospital infrastructure, resource availability, and processes on early outcomes after cancer surgery worldwide.Methods A multimethods analysis was performed as part of the GlobalSurg 3 study-a multicentre, international, prospective cohort study of patients who had surgery for breast, colorectal, or gastric cancer. The primary outcomes were 30-day mortality and 30-day major complication rates. Potentially beneficial hospital facilities were identified by variable selection to select those associated with 30-day mortality. Adjusted outcomes were determined using generalised estimating equations to account for patient characteristics and country-income group, with population stratification by hospital.Findings Between April 1, 2018, and April 23, 2019, facility-level data were collected for 9685 patients across 238 hospitals in 66 countries (91 hospitals in 20 high-income countries; 57 hospitals in 19 upper-middle-income countries; and 90 hospitals in 27 low-income to lower-middle-income countries). The availability of five hospital facilities was inversely associated with mortality: ultrasound, CT scanner, critical care unit, opioid analgesia, and oncologist. After adjustment for case-mix and country income group, hospitals with three or fewer of these facilities (62 hospitals, 1294 patients) had higher mortality compared with those with four or five (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 3.85 [95% CI 2.58-5.75]; p<0.0001), with excess mortality predominantly explained by a limited capacity to rescue following the development of major complications (63.0% vs 82.7%; OR 0.35 [0.23-0.53]; p<0.0001). Across LMICs, improvements in hospital facilities would prevent one to three deaths for every 100 patients undergoing surgery for cancer.Interpretation Hospitals with higher levels of infrastructure and resources have better outcomes after cancer surgery, independent of country income. Without urgent strengthening of hospital infrastructure and resources, the reductions in cancer-associated mortality associated with improved access will not be realised

Treinamento em circuito de exercícios resistidos em mulheres adultas sedentárias: aumento de massa magra e redução de massa gorda sem alteração em citocinas da resposta inflamatória

The exercise can elicit benefits or damage on the immunologic system responses, depending the variables intensity or volume which must be considered. In other hand, the protocols of resistance exercise have showed effectives to improve alterations in the body composition. Thus, it is very important evaluate protocols of resistance exercise that can increase the muscle mass with a decrease in fat mass without development a inflammatory state, specially if the subjects are not athletes. In this work, we have studied the effects from a protocol of exercise resistance in circuit on women, 39.71 ± 3.8 years old (Media ± Standard Error). The protocol was development with intensity and a volume sufficient to elicit alterations in body composition without important inflammatory responses even after acute sessions of effort or any cumulative effect during the all period of training. Thus, the protocol consisted of 3 week sessions of circuit training of 9 stations with alternate recruitment of different muscle groups during 10 weeks. The subjects had to perform 2 times the circuit in each session of training. Each station was realized one set of 8-12 maximal repetitions (RM) for time. The body composition was analyzed by DXA and the inflammatory effects by cytokines (IL1-beta; IL-6; IL-8; IL10, IL-12p70 e TNF) changes in serum. The blood samples were collected from the anticubital vein before the sessions of training; 5 min, 24h and 48h pos second session training; and 5 min, 24h, 48h and 96h pos the last session of period of training. The statistical data were analyzed by test t Student application in normal distribution and Wilcoxon test in not normal distribution. The samples of cytokines were compared by the Friedman test with Tuckey test pos hoc (α=0,05). The results showed a significant increased in the muscle mass and decrease in the fat mass. The serum concentrations of cytokines no showed alterations during all the experimental period, indicating any inflammatory effects from the protocol adopted.Universidade Federal de Sao CarlosO exercício físico pode exercer alterações benéficas ou prejudiciais sobre o sistema imune, dependendo de sua intensidade ou volume, enquanto protocolos de treinamento resistido têm alcançado melhoras na composição corporal. Dessa forma, torna-se necessário estudar protocolos de treinamento resistido que sejam capazes de aumentar a massa magra e diminuir a massa gorda corporais, sem concomitantemente gerar um processo inflamatório em seus praticantes, principalmente se forem indivíduos sedentários e não habituados a este tipo de treinamento. Assim, verificou-se neste trabalho a possibilidade de submeter mulheres adultas sedentárias com 39,71 ± 3,8 anos (média ± Desvio Padrão) a um treinamento de exercícios resistidos em circuito que tivesse intensidade suficiente para aumentar a massa magra e reduzir a massa gorda corporais, mas que ao mesmo tempo não exacerbasse a resposta inflamatória após sessões de treino agudas ou causasse um efeito estressante inflamatório cumulativo no decorrer do período de treinamento. O protocolo consistiu de três sessões semanais com duas voltas num circuito de 9 estações com recrutamento intercalado de diferentes grupos musculares, durante 10 semanas. Em cada estação do circuito foi realizada uma série de 8-12 repetições máximas (RM) por volta. Foi realizado exame de composição corporal no início e no fim do experimento por Absortometria Radiológica de Dupla Energia (DXA) além de coletas de amostras sanguíneas em vacuntainer pela veia antecubital para análise das concentrações séricas das citocinas IL1-beta; IL-6; IL-8; IL10, IL-12p70 e TNF no pré-treinamento; 5min, 24h e 48h após a segunda sessão de treino; e 5min, 24h, 48h e 96h após a última sessão de treino. Comparou-se as amostras pré e póstreinamento através do Teste T de Student para distribuições normais e homocedásticas, e do Teste de Wilcoxon para amostras não normais e/ou heterocedásticas, enquanto as concentrações agudas de cada citocina nas quatro amostras referentes às segunda e última sessões de treino foram comparadas através do Teste de Friedman com post hoc de Tukey. Foi adotado sempre um erro α=0,05. Observou-se aumento de massa magra e redução de massa gorda tanto no corpo todo como em segmentos isolados (tronco e membros superiores e inferiores). Nenhuma das citocinas sofreu alteração em seus níveis séricos durante o período experimental, indicando que o protocolo de treinamento resistido em circuito pode promover melhora da composição corporal sem promover efeito inflamatório indicado por citocinas da resposta inflamatória em mulheres adultas previamente sedentárias

Efeitos do treinamento resistido em circuito sobre a composição corporal, capacidades cardiovascular e muscular esquelética e glicemia de jejum em mulheres obesas de peso normal

The Normal weight obesity (NWO) syndrome has been characterized on subjects with normal BMI and high body fat mass percentage (BF%>30 on with women) and is a risk factor for cardiometabolic dysregulation and cardiovascular mortality. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether circuit resistance training (CRT) improves body composition, heart size and functions, cardiometabolic parameters, and cardiorespiratory, cardiovascular and skeletal muscle fitness on women with NWO. Subjects/Methods: Data are mean [95%CI]. Twenty-nine white women participated in the study allocated to three groups: ten NWO-CRT (baseline: BMI=22.4 [21.4-23.3] kg/m2; BF%=44.5 [41.0-48.0]%) performed CRT during ten weeks; thirteen untrained NWO-control (baseline: BMI=21.7 [20.8-22.7] kg/m2; BF%=37.8 [34.6-41.1]%) and six non-obese (BMI=19.2 [17.9-20.6] kg/m2; BF%=23.6 [18.3-29.0]%). At baseline (all groups) and after ten weeks (NWO groups) performed: dualenergy- X-ray-absorptiometry, echocardiography, blood tests, arterial pressure, exercise testing, and total-overload-by-training-session (TOL) was calculated. Results: At baseline NWO-control showed almost double of body fat mass (BF) (22.41 [19.5-25.3] kg) than nonobese (11.88 [9.0-14.8] kg) (p=0.0001), and NWO-CRT had more BF than NWO-control (27.28 [23.9-30.6] kg) (p=0.0227). The NWO-CRT after training: reduced more than 8 kg of BF (p=0.000002); the BF% became lower than NWO-control (33.1 [30.1-36.0] < 37.0 [34.3- 39.6]%, p=0.0423) with 30% of NWO-CRT becoming non-obese; reduced 3 kg of trunk fat mass (p=0.000005); showed fasting glucose (72.8 [69.4-76.2] mg/dl) smaller than NWOcontrol (81.7 [78.6-84.8] mg/dl) (p=0.004) and non-obese (92.7 [86.6-98.8] mg/dl) (p=0.000003); increased TOL (5,087.5 [4,142.5-6,032.5] to 6 963.3 [6,226.4-7,700.2] rep.kg, p=0.0004); increased load at VO2peak (122.5 [106.8-138,2] to 137.5 [118.18-156.82] W, p=0.0051); reduced the double product/load at VO2peak ratio (277.4 [222.1-332.8] to 237.7 [194.2-281.2] mmHg.bpm/W, p=0.0015). The CRT increased left ventricular mass/body surface area ratio (84.29 [78.98-89.6] to 90.29 [81.45-99.12] g/m2, p=0.0215). Conclusions: CRT improves the body composition, cardiovascular and skeletal-muscle fitness and reduces fasting glucose without cardiorespiratory changes on normal weight obese women.Universidade Federal de Sao CarlosA síndrome de obesidade com peso normal tem sido caracterizada em indivíduos com índice de massa corporal normal e elevado percentual de massa gorda corporal (%MG), maior que 30% em mulheres, e é considerado um fator de risco para distúrbios metabólicos e mortalidade cardiovascular. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar se um treinamento de circuito resistido melhora a composição corporal, parâmetros estruturais e funções cardíacas, parâmetros cardiometabólicos e capacidades cardiorrespiratória, cardiovascular e muscular esquelética em mulheres adultas sedentárias obesas de peso normal. Dados são mostrados em média [intervalo de confiança de 95%]. Vinte e nove mulheres participaram do estudo sendo alocadas em três grupos: dez mulheres inicialmente obesas de peso normal (IMC=22,4 [21,4-23,3] kg/m2; %MG=44,5 [41,0-48,0]%) que realizaram dez semanas de treinamento resistido em circuito (grupo MOPN-TRC); treze mulheres no grupo MOPN-controle (IMC=21,7 [20,8-22,7] kg/m2; %MG 37,8 [34,6-41,1]%) que permaneceram sedentárias nas dez semanas; e seis mulheres num grupo controle de nãoobesas sedentárias avaliadas (IMC=19,2 [17,9-20,6] kg/m2; %MG=23,6 [18,3-29,0]%) somente inicialmente como valores de referência geral. Inicialmente todos os grupos realizaram: avaliação a composição corporal por absortometria radiológica de dupla energia dual-energy-X-ray-absorptiometry (DXA), ecocardiografia com doppler, perfil lipídico glicemia de jejum, teste ergoespirométrico máximo em ciclo-ergômetro, pressão arterial e a sobrecarga total da sessão de treino foi calculada. Após dez semanas os dois grupos MOPN refizeram estas análises. Inicialmente o grupo MOPN-controle apresentava mais que o dobro de massa gorda corporal (MG) (22,41[19,5-25,3] kg) que as não-obesas (11,88 [9,0-14,8] kg) (p=0,0001), enquanto o grupo MOPN-TRC possuía MG (27,28 [23,9-30,6] kg) ainda maior MOPN-controle (p=0,0227). Após o treinamento as MOPN-TRC: reduziram mais de 8 kg de MG (p=0,000002); o %MG que era maior tornou-se menor que o das MOPN-controle (33,1 [30,1-36,0] < 37,0 [34,3-39,6]%, p=0,0423) e 30% das voluntárias tornaram-se não-obesas; reduziram 3 kg de massa gorda no tronco (p=0,000005); apresentaram glicemia de jejum (72,8 [69,4-76,2] mg/dl) menor que os grupos MOPN-controle (81,7 [78,6-84,8] mg/dl) (p=0,004) e não-obeso (92,7 [86,6-98,8] mg/dl) (p=0,000003); aumentou a sobrecarga total da sessão de treino (5.087,5 [4.142,5-6.032,5] para 6.963,3 [6.226,4-7.700,2] rep.kg, p=0,0004); aumentou a carga no VO2pico (122,5 [106,8-138,2] para 137,5 [118,18-156,82] W, p=0,0051); reduziu a taxa duplo produto/carga no VO2pico (277,4 [222,1-332,8] para 237,7 [194,2-281,2] mmHg.bpm/W, p=0,0015). Conclui-se que o treinamento resistido em circuito realizado melhora a composição corporal, as capacidades cardiovascular e muscular esquelética, enquanto reduz a glicemia de jejum sem alterar a capacidade cardiorrespiratória de mulheres obesas de peso normal