DEVELOPING GUIDELINES FOR A SOUTH AFRICAN TEXTBOOK OF TRANSLATION

Published ArticleThe declaration of eleven languages as the official languages of South Africa brought about an increased need for translation and language planning in South Africa. However, many students of translation experience difficulty to produce quality translations, even after completing a course in translation. The purpose of this article is to report the findings of the original research on an investigation of the possible cause of this problem, as well as to find a possible solution to the problem. The results of the study show that the reason for this problem might be the training of translation students by using foreign textbooks and the lack of a South African textbook of translation. The findings further suggest that a translation textbook true to the South African context might be the solution to this problem. This study focuses on developing guidelines for the compilation of such a textbook

Camperdown Hemoglobin Associated With β° Thalassemia In A Brazilian Child

We report the coexistence of Hb Camperdown [β 104 (G6) Arg → Ser] and β°-thalassemia [β39 (Gln → stop codon)] in a nine-month-old Brazilian boy. He had a relatively more severe hypochromic and microcytic anemia in comparison to his mother's β-thalassemia trait. His Hb Camperdown heterozygous father was clinically and hematologically normal. To our knowledge, this is the first description of an association of β°-thalassemia with Hb Camperdown. Copyright by the Brazilian Society of Genetics.283394396Araújo, A.S., Silva, W.A., Leao, S.A., Bandeira, F.C., Petrou, M., Modell, B., Zago, M.A., A different molecular pattern of β-thalassemia mutations in Northeast of Brazil (2003) Hemoglobin, 27, pp. 211-217Amone, A., X-ray diffraction study of binding of 2,3-diphosphoglycerate to human deoxyhemoglobin (1972) Nature, 237, pp. 146-149Bertuzzo, C.S., Sonati, M.F., Costa, F.F., Hematological phenotype and the type of β thalassemia mutation in Brazil (1997) Braz J Genet, 20, pp. 319-321Bianco, I., Graziani, B., Carboni, C., Genetic patterns in thalassemia intermedia (constitutional microcytic anemia). Familial hematological and biosynthetic studies (1977) Hum Hered, 27, pp. 257-272Blouquit, Y., Lacombe, C., Arous, N., Le Qurrec, A., Branconnier, F., Bonhomme, J., Soummer, A.M., Galacteros, F., Seven new cases of hemoglobin Camperdown alpha 2 beta 2 104 (G6) ARG → SER found in Malta, Sicily and Tunisia (1984) Hemoglobin, 8, pp. 613-619Chang, J.C., Kan, Y.W., β°-thalassemia, a nonsense mutation in man (1979) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 76, pp. 2886-2889Clarke, G.M., Higgins, T.N., Laboratory investigation of hemoglobinopathies and thalassemias: Review and update (2000) Clin Chem, 46, pp. 1284-1290Fonseca, S.F., Kerbauy, J., Escrivçao, C., Figueiredo, M.S., Cançado, R., Arruda, V.R., Saad, S.T.O., Costa, F.F., Genetic analysis of beta-thalassemia major and beta-thalassemia intermedia in Brazil (1998) Hemoglobin, 22, pp. 197-207Grignoli, C.R.E., Carvalho, M.H., Kimura, E.M., Sonati, M.F., Arruda, V.R., Saad, S.T.O., Costa, F.F., β°-thalassemia resulting from a novel mutation: β66/u → stop codon (2000) Eur J Haematol, 64, pp. 137-138Kimura, E.M., Grignoli, C.R.E., Pinheiro, V.R.P., Costa, F.F., Sonati, M.F., Thalassemia intermedia as a result of heterozygosis for β°-thallassemia and αααanti3.7/αα genotype in a Brazilian patient (2003) Braz J Med Biol Res, 36, pp. 699-701Kister, J., Barbadjian, J., Blouquit, Y., Bohn, B., Galacteros, F., Poyart, C., Inhibition of oxygen-linked anion binding in Hb Camperdown [α2β2 104 (G6) ARG → SER] (1989) Hemoglobin, 13, pp. 567-578Miranda, S.R.P., Kimura, E.M., Teixeira, R.C., Bertuzzo, C.S., Ramalho, A.A., Saad, S.T.O., Costa, F.F., Hb Camperdown [α2β2 104 (G6) ARG → SER] identified by DNA analysis in a Brazilian family (1996) Hemoglobin, 20, pp. 147-153Old, J.M., Screening arid genetic diagnosis of haemoglobin disorders (2003) Blood Rev, 17, pp. 43-53Olivieri, N.F., The β-thalassemias (1999) N Engl J Med, 341, pp. 99-109Thein, S.L., Genetic insights into the clinical diversity of beta thalassaemia (2004) Br J Haematol, 124, pp. 264-274Weatherall, D.J., Clegg, J.B., Inherited haemoglobin disorders: An increasing global health problem (2001) Bull World Health Organ, 79, pp. 704-712Wilkinson, T., Chua, C.G., Carrell, R.W., Robin, H., Exner, T., Lee, K.M., Kronenberg, H., Haemoglobin Camperdown β 104(G6) Arginine leads to serine (1975) Biochim Biophys Acta, 393, pp. 195-200Zago, M.A., Costa, F.F., Hereditary hemoglobin disorders in Brazil (1985) Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg, 79, pp. 385-38

Capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry characterisation of secondary metabolites from the antihyperglycaemic plant Genista tenera

Genista tenera is endemic to the Portuguese island of Madeira, where an infusion of the aerial parts of the plant is used in folk medicine as an antidiabetic agent. Consequently the medicinal properties of the secondary metabolites of this plant have been the subject of an ongoing study. A recently reported LC-MS method using a 100 min separation allowed identification of five flavonoid components in an extract of the aerial parts of this plant. In order to obtain additional information on the range and complexity of the plant’s secondary metabolite components a CE-MS method has been developed and applied for the analysis of an extract of G. tenera. Twenty-six different components are distinguished in an analysis time of only 10 min. Results demonstrate that CE-MS/MS rapidly generates data complementary to those obtainable by LC-MS/MS and is particularly suited to the analysis of plant metabolites where concentration is not limiting.BBSRC, University of York, Treaty of Windsor Anglo-Portuguese joint research programme, Thermo Electron, Analytical Chemistry Trust Fund, Royal Society of Chemistry Analytical Division, Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC)info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

β-thalassemia Intermedia In A Brazilian Patient With - 101 (c > T) And Codon 39 (c > T) Mutations

Context: We verified molecular alterations in a 72-year-old Brazilian male patient with a clinical course of homozygous β-thalassemia intermedia, who had undergone splenectomy and was surviving without regular blood transfusions. The blood cell count revealed microcytic and hypochromic anemia (hemoglobin = 6.5 g/dl, mean cell volume = 74 ft, mean cell hemoglobin = 24 pg) and hemoglobin electrophoresis showed fetal hemoglobin = 1.3%, hemoglobin A 2 = 6.78% and hemoglobin A = 79.4%. Objective: To identify mutations in a patient with the symptoms of β-thalassemia intermedia. Design: Molecular inquiry into the mutations possibly responsible for the clinical picture described. Setting: The structural molecular biology and genetic engineering center of the Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, Brazil. Procedures: DNA extraction was performed on the patient's blood samples. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was done using five specific primers that amplified exons and the promoter region of the β globin gene. The samples were sequenced and then analyzed via computer programs. Results: Two mutations that cause the disease were found: -101 (C > T) and codon 39 (C > T). Conclusions: This cases represents the first description of -101 (C > T) mutation in a Brazilian population and it is associated with a benign clinical course.12112830Baysal, E., Carver, M.F.H., The beta and delta-thalassemia repository (1995) Hemoglobin., 19 (3-4), pp. 213-236Zago, M.A., Costa, F., Bottura, C., Beta-thalassemia in Brazil (1981) Braz. J. Med. Biol. Res., 14 (6), pp. 383-388Ewing, B., Green, P., Base-calling of automated sequencer traces using Phred. II Error probabilities (1998) Genome Res., 8 (3), pp. 186-194Green, P., (2002), http://bozeman.genome.washington.edu/phrap.docs/phrap.html, The Phred/Phrap/Consed System Home Page. Phrap Assembler. Available at URL September 30Gordon, D., Abajian, C., Green, P., Consed: A graphical tool for sequence finishing (1998) Genome Res., 8 (3), pp. 195-20

Association and interaction analyses of eight genes under asthma linkage peaks

Background: Linkage studies have implicated the 2q33, 9p21, 11q13 and 20q13 regions in the regulation of allergic disease. The aim of this study was to test genetic variants in candidate genes from these regions for association with specific asthma traits. Methods: Ninety-five single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) located in eight genes (CD28, CTLA4, ICOS, ADAM23, ADAMTSL1, MS4A2, CDH26 and HRH3) were genotyped in >5000 individuals from Australian (n = 1162), Dutch (n = 99) and Danish (n = 303) families. Traits tested included doctor-diagnosed asthma, atopy, airway obstruction, total serum immunoglobulin (Ig) E levels and eosinophilia. Association was tested using both multivariate and univariate methods, with gene-wide thresholds for significance determined through simulation. Gene-by-gene and gene-by-environment analyses were also performed. Results: There was no overall evidence for association with seven of the eight genes tested when considering all genetic variation assayed in each gene. The exception was MS4A2 on chromosome 11q13, which showed weak evidence for association with IgE (gene-wide P < 0.05, rs502581). There were no significant gene-by-gene or gene-by-environment interaction effects after accounting for the number of tests performed. Conclusions: The individual variants genotyped in the 2q33, 9p21 and 20q13 regions do not explain a large fraction of the variation in the quantitative traits tested or have a major impact on asthma or atopy risk. Our results are consistent with a weak effect of MS4A2 polymorphisms on the variation of total IgE levels. © 2009 John Wiley & Sons A/S

Super WZNW with Reductions to Supersymmetric and Fermionic Integrable Models

A systematic construction for an action describing a class of supersymmetric integrable models as well as for pure fermionic theories is discussed in terms of the gauged WZNW model associated to twisted affine Kac-Moody algebras. Explicit examples of the $N=1,2$ super sinh(sine)-Gordon models are discussed in detail. Pure fermionic theories arises for cosets $sl(p,1)/sl(p)\otimes u(1)$ when a maximal kernel condition is fulfilled. The integrability condition for such models is discussed and it is shown that the simplest example when $p=2$ leads to the constrained Bukhvostov-Lipatov, Thirring, scalar massive and pseudo-scalar massless Gross-Neveu models.Comment: 28 pages, latex, added referenc

Interlaminar fracture in woven carbon/epoxy laminates

This paper describes an experimental study developed to characterize the mode I and mode II fracture toughness of carbon/epoxy woven composites, using DCB and ENF tests, respectively. The laminates were manufactured using an epoxy resin and twelve woven balanced bi-directional layers of carbon fibres, all of them with the same orientation (0/90º). Significant instantaneous delaminations were observed particularly for the DCB specimen, which were responsible for an oscillatory behaviour of GI versus crack length. The maximum values obtained for GIC and GIIC were 281 and 1800 J/m2, respectively

Insights into the effects of mucosal epithelial and innate immune dysfunction in older people on host interactions with Streptococcus pneumoniae

In humans, nasopharyngeal carriage of Streptococcus pneumoniae is common and although primarily asymptomatic, is a pre-requisite for pneumonia and invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD). Together, these kill over 500,000 people over the age of 70 years worldwide every year. Pneumococcal conjugate vaccines have been largely successful in reducing IPD in young children and have had considerable indirect impact in protection of older people in industrialized country settings (herd immunity). However, serotype replacement continues to threaten vulnerable populations, particularly older people in whom direct vaccine efficacy is reduced. The early control of pneumococcal colonization at the mucosal surface is mediated through a complex array of epithelial and innate immune cell interactions. Older people often display a state of chronic inflammation, which is associated with an increased mortality risk and has been termed 'Inflammageing'. In this review, we discuss the contribution of an altered microbiome, the impact of inflammageing on human epithelial and innate immunity to S. pneumoniae, and how the resulting dysregulation may affect the outcome of pneumococcal infection in older individuals. We describe the impact of the pneumococcal vaccine and highlight potential research approaches which may improve our understanding of respiratory mucosal immunity during pneumococcal colonization in older individuals.Host-parasite interactio