Bimodal AGNs in Bimodal Galaxies

By their star content, the galaxies split out into a red and a blue population; their color index peaked around u-r=2.5 or u-r=1, respectively, quantifies the ratio of the blue stars newly formed from cold galactic gas, to the redder ones left over by past generations. On the other hand, upon accreting substantial gas amounts the central massive black holes energize active galactic nuclei (AGNs); here we investigate whether these show a similar, and possibly related, bimodal partition as for current accretion activity relative to the past. To this aim we use an updated semianalytic model; based on Monte Carlo simulations, this follows with a large statistics the galaxy assemblage, the star generations and the black hole accretions in the cosmological framework over the redshift span from z=10 to z=0. We test our simulations for yielding in close detail the observed split of galaxies into a red, early and a blue, late population. We find that the black hole accretion activities likewise give rise to two source populations: early, bright quasars and later, dimmer AGNs. We predict for their Eddington parameter $\lambda_E$ -- the ratio of the current to the past black hole accretions -- a bimodal distribution; the two branches sit now under $\lambda_E \approx 0.01$ (mainly contributed by low-luminosity AGNs) and around $\lambda_E \approx 0.3-1$. These not only mark out the two populations of AGNs, but also will turn out to correlate strongly with the red or blue color of their host galaxies.Comment: 7 pages, accepted for publication in the Astrophysical Journa

Markers of acute rejection and graft acceptance in liver transplantation.

The evaluation of the immunosuppression state in liver transplanted patients is crucial for a correct post-transplant management and a major step towards the personalisation of the immunosuppressive therapy. However, current immunological monitoring after liver transplantation relies mainly on clinical judgment and on immunosuppressive drug levels, without a proper assessment of the real suppression of the immunological system. Various markers have been studied in an attempt to identify a specific indicator of graft rejection and graft acceptance after liver transplantation. Considering acute rejection, the most studied markers are pro-inflammatory and immunoregulatory cytokines and other proteins related to inflammation. However there is considerable overlap with other conditions, and only few of them have been validated. Standard liver tests cannot be used as markers of graft rejection due to their low sensitivity and specificity and the weak correlation with the severity of histopathological findings. Several studies have been performed to identify biomarkers of tolerance in liver transplanted patients. Most of them are based on the analysis of peripheral blood samples and on the use of transcriptional profiling techniques. Amongst these, NK cell-related molecules seem to be the most valid marker of graft acceptance, whereas the role CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ T cells has still to be properly defined

The M(BH)-Sigma Relation for Supermassive Black Holes

We investigate the differences in the M(BH)-sigma relation derived recently by Ferrarese & Merritt (2000) and Gebhardt et al. (2000). The shallower slope found by the latter authors (3.75 vs. 4.8) is due partly to the use of a regression algorithm that ignores measurement errors, and partly to the value of the velocity dispersion adopted for a single galaxy, the Milky Way. A steeper relation is shown to provide a better fit to black hole masses derived from reverberation mapping studies. Combining the stellar dynamical, gas dynamical, and reverberation mapping mass estimates, we derive a best-fit relation M(BH) = 1.30 (+/- 0.36) X 10^8 (sigma_c/200)^{4.72(+/- 0.36)}, where M(BH) is in solar masses, and sigma in km/s.Comment: The Astrophysical Journal, in pres

A possible bias on the estimate of Lbol/Ledd in AGN as a function of luminosity and redshift

The BH mass (and the related Eddington ratio) in broad line AGN is usually evaluated by combining estimates (often indirect) of the BLR radius and of the FWHM of the broad lines, under the assumption that the BLR clouds are in Keplerian motion around the BH. Such an evaluation depends on the geometry of the BLR. There are two major options for the BLR configuration: spherically symmetric or ``flattened''. In the latter case the inclination to the line of sight becomes a relevant parameter. This paper is devoted to evaluate the bias on the estimate of the Eddington ratio when a spherical geometry is assumed (more generally when inclination effects are ignored), while the actual configuration is ``flattened'', as some evidence suggests. This is done as a function of luminosity and redshift, on the basis of recent results which show the existence of a correlation between the fraction of obscured AGN and these two parameters up to at least z=2.5. The assumed BLR velocity field is akin to the ``generalized thick disk'' proposed by Collin et al. (2006). Assuming an isotropic orientation in the sky, the mean value of the bias is calculated as a function of luminosity and redshift. It is demonstrated that, on average, the Eddington ratio obtained assuming a spherical geometry is underestimated for high luminosities, and overestimated for low luminosities. This bias converges for all luminosities at z about 2.7, while nothing can be said on this bias at larger redshifts due to the lack of data. The effects of the bias, averaged over the luminosity function of broad line AGN, have been calculated. The results imply that the bias associated with the a-sphericity of the BLR make even worse the discrepancy between the observations and the predictions of evolutionary models.Comment: 6 pages, 3 figures, accepted for publication in A&

Review of Metaheuristic Methodologies for Leakage Reduction and Energy Saving in Water Distribution Networks

Metaheuristic methods have emerged as powerful tools for solving complex optimization problems in various domains, including the sustainability of water distribution systems. They provide efcient and efective solutions by mimicking natural processes and searching for the optimal option within a large solution space. Despite the existence of these methods in the water distribution feld for several years, a direct comparison between the various proposed solutions often proves challenging, due to the diferent parameter defnitions used by the authors. The present review presents the solutions proposed by a total of 36 research papers taken from the Web of Science, Scopus and Google Scholar databases focusing on the application of metaheuristic methods for leakage reduction and energy saving in water distribution networks. The review is intended to facilitate comparative analysis among the solutions proposed by authors concerning key aspects of the optimization process. These aspects include the defnition of the algorithm, the specifcation of the objective function, and the strategies employed for reducing the search space. The characteristics of the networks used as case studies by the reviewed papers are also presented to allow the reader to evaluate the applicability of the solutions to specifc networks

Deep Extragalactic X-ray Surveys

Deep surveys of the cosmic X-ray background are reviewed in the context of observational progress enabled by the Chandra X-ray Observatory and the X-ray Multi-Mirror Mission-Newton. The sources found by deep surveys are described along with their redshift and luminosity distributions, and the effectiveness of such surveys at selecting active galactic nuclei (AGN) is assessed. Some key results from deep surveys are highlighted including (1) measurements of AGN evolution and the growth of supermassive black holes, (2) constraints on the demography and physics of high-redshift AGN, (3) the X-ray AGN content of infrared and submillimeter galaxies, and (4) X-ray emission from distant starburst and normal galaxies. We also describe some outstanding problems and future prospects for deep extragalactic X-ray surveys.Comment: 32 pages; Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys., Volume 43 (2005); updated to match accepted versio

Measuring supermassive black holes with gas kinematics - II. The LINERs IC 989, NGC 5077, and NGC 6500

We present results from a kinematical study of the gas in the nucleus of a sample of three LINER galaxies, obtained from archival HST/STIS long-slit spectra. We found that, while for the elliptical galaxy NGC 5077, the observed velocity curves are consistent with gas in regular rotation around the galaxy's center, this is not the case for the two remaining objects. By modeling the surface brightness distribution and rotation curve from the emission lines in NGC 5077, we found that the observed kinematics of the circumnuclear gas can be accurately reproduced by adding to the stellar mass component a black hole mass of M_bh = 6.8 (-2.8,+4.3) 10**8 M_sun (uncertainties at a 1 sigma level); the radius of its sphere of influence (R_sph ~ 0".34) is well-resolved at the HST resolution. The BH mass estimate in NGC 5077 is in fairly good agreement with both the M_bh-M_bul (with an upward scatter of ~ 0.4 dex) and M_bh-sigma correlations (with an upward scatter of 0.5 dex in the Tremaine et al. form and essentially no scatter using the Ferrarese et al. form) and provides further support for the presence of a connection between the ``residuals'' from the M_bh-sigma correlation and the bulge effective radius. This indicates the presence of a black hole's ``fundamental plane'' in the sense that a combination of at least sigma and R_e drives the correlations between M_bh and host bulge properties.Comment: Accepted for publication in A&

A reanalysis of the atmospheric boundary layer field experiment(SPCFLUX93) at San Pietro Capofiume (Italy)

A fortnight field experiment was carried out at San Pietro Capofiume(Po Valley, Italy)during the month of June, 1993, and was named SPCFLUX93. This location was chosen as representative of the Po Valley. The SPCFLUX93 experiment was devised according to the results of some previous measurements carried out in mountainous areas of South Europe (i.e. ALPEX—ALPine EXperiment, PYREX—PYRenean Experiment), and aimed to represent a prototype for further field observations. The dataset of the SPCFLUX93 experiment consisted of: i)meteorological and chemical data collected continuously with slow-response sensors in the atmospheric surface layer and into the soil; ii)data coming from fastresponse instrumentation (sonic anemometers and fluxmeter); iii) radiosoundings carried out with free and tethered balloons; iv)con tinuous vertical wind soundings with a Mini-Sodar. The aim of the SPCFLUX93 field experiment was to investigate the following topics: atmospheric turbulence, dry and wet atmospheric total deposition, energy balance, thermal wave propagation in the soil. Few years later, the atmospheric and hydrological scientific community conduced an extensive programme, the Mesoscale Alpine Programme (MAP), on weather and climate in mountainous regions. This programme considered many aspects of alpine meteorology, ranging from high-resolution numerical modelling to experimental campaigns performed on both sides of the Alps, with the aim to better understand the interaction processes of atmospheric fluxes with the orography. Many puzzling problems were posed by the complexity of these interactions; among them, the perturbations on the boundary layer structure caused by the airflows that cross the Alps and reach the Po Valley would still require more experimental observations and theoretical studies. These considerations prompted us to reanalyze the SPCFLUX93 dataset. In this paper, a layout of the field experiment (including the instrumentation details, the experimental relevant dataset and database composed by meteorological standard data, vertical profile data, ultrasonic anemometer data, and chemical data)is presented; the collected data are described; the details of the mesoscale meteorological situation over San Pietro Capofiume during the experiment are presented; finally, some analyses on the data are shown, and the main results coming from the several applications carried out using the dataset are illustrated or summarized. In particular, the most interesting results are related to the following topics: the characteristics of the turbulence in the surface layer (using the fast-response data), the validation of land surface schemes (using the surface observations), the evaluation of mixed layer depth (using radon flux data)and the estimate of deposition velocity

DOPING: a New Non-parametric Deprojection Scheme

We present a new non-parametric deprojection algorithm DOPING (Deprojection of Observed Photometry using and INverse Gambit), that is designed to extract the three dimensional luminosity density distribution $\rho$, from the observed surface brightness profile of an astrophysical system such as a galaxy or a galaxy cluster, in a generalised geometry, while taking into account changes in the intrinsic shape of the system. The observable is the 2-D surface brightness distribution of the system. While the deprojection schemes presented hitherto have always worked within the limits of an assumed intrinsic geometry, in DOPING, geometry and inclination can be provided as inputs. The $\rho$ that is most likely to project to the observed brightness data is sought; the maximisation of the likelihood is performed with the Metropolis algorithm. Unless the likelihood function is maximised, $\rho$ is tweaked in shape and amplitude, while maintaining positivity, but otherwise the luminosity distribution is allowed to be completely free-form. Tests and applications of the algorithm are discussed.Comment: 8 pages; to be published in IJMP(D) (Feb, 2008 issue), Vol 17, No. 2, as part of proceedings for the 6th International Workshop on Data Analysis in Astronomy, ``Modelling and Simulations in Science'

Low-Level Nuclear Activity in Nearby Spiral Galaxies

We are conducting a search for supermassive black holes (SMBHs) with masses below 10^7 M_sun by looking for signs of extremely low-level nuclear activity in nearby galaxies that are not known to be AGNs. Our survey has the following characteristics: (a) X-ray selection using the Chandra X-ray Observatory, since x-rays are a ubiquitous feature of AGNs; (b) Emphasis on late-type spiral and dwarf galaxies, as the galaxies most likely to have low-mass SMBHs; (c) Use of multiwavelength data to verify the source is an AGN; and (d) Use of the highest angular resolution available for observations in x-rays and other bands, to separate nuclear from off-nuclear sources and to minimize contamination by host galaxy light. Here we show the feasibility of this technique to find AGNs by applying it to six nearby, face-on spiral galaxies (NGC 3169, NGC 3184, NGC 4102, NGC 4647, NGC 4713, NGC 5457) for which data already exist in the Chandra archive. All six show nuclear x-ray sources. The data as they exist at present are ambiguous regarding the nature of the nuclear x-ray sources in NGC 4713 and NGC 4647. We conclude, in accord with previous studies, that NGC 3169 and NGC 4102 are almost certainly AGNs. Most interestingly, a strong argument can be made that NGC 3184 and NGC 5457, both of type Scd, host AGNs.Comment: 37 pages, 10 figures, ApJ, in press. Replaced with accepted versio