Mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 neutralization by shark variable new antigen receptors elucidated through X-ray crystallography

Acknowledgements This work was supported by the Chief Scientist Office, Scottish Government, Grant COV/ABN/20/01 (Elasmogen, Ltd.), a 2018 Prostate Cancer Foundation Challenge Award (AML), a 2013 Prostate Cancer Foundation Young Investigator Award (AML), NCI R01s CA237272, CA233562, and CA245922 (AML). WEM was supported by the NIH T32 HL007741 and JMT by the NIH T32 AI055433. JSM was funded by NIGMS R01 GM088790. HA was funded by NIGMS R35 GM118047 and NCI P01 CA234228. X-ray diffraction data were collected at the Northeastern Collaborative Access Team beamlines, which are funded by the US National Institutes of Health (NIGMS P30 GM124165). The Pilatus 6M detector on 24-ID-C beamline is funded by a NIH-ORIP HEI grant (S10 RR029205). We thank the Marco Pravetoni lab for providing training and access to the OctetRED96e for BLI experiments.Peer reviewedPublisher PD

Saint-Vincent de Cardona et la dimension méditerranéenne du premier art roman

The early eleventh-century church of St Vincent at Cardona in Catalonia is usually explained in the context of the First Romanesque architecture of North Italy, especially with regard to the church of San Paragorio at Noli. This is no doubt broadly correct, allowing for the existence of closer parallels than Noli, but it ignores the possibly fundamental role of one of the most important church types of Constantinople. The article compares the Bodrum Camii in Constantinople, the church of San Fruttuoso at Portofino in Liguria, and St Vincent, and of the early tenth, late tenth and early eleventh centuries respectively, in order to illustrate a possible sequence of influences. It also seeks to show how the Catalan building distils from these influences one of the main strands of the new Romanesque style of the west.L'église Saint-Vincent de Cardona en Catalogne, du début du XIe s., est généralement considérée dans le contexte de l'architecture du « premier art roman » du nord de l'Italie, en référence notamment à l'église San Paragorio de Noli. Ceci est sans doute globalement correct, eu égard à la possibilité de comparaisons très proches entre les deux monuments. Mais c'est sans compter sur le rôle, peut-être essentiel, d'un des genres d'églises les plus importants de Constantinople. Cet article établit une comparaison entre le Bodrum Camii de Constantinople, l'église San Fruttuoso de Portofino en Ligurie, et Saint- Vincent de Cardona, respectivement du début du Xe, de la fin du Xe, et du XIe s., pour montrer une suite possible d'influences. Il essaie aussi d'établir comment l'édifice catalan a extrait de ces influences un des aspects principaux du nouveau style roman de l'Occident.Fernie Eric C. Saint-Vincent de Cardona et la dimension méditerranéenne du premier art roman. In: Cahiers de civilisation médiévale, 43e année (n°171), Juillet-septembre 2000. Regards croisés sur l'An Mil, sous la direction de Martin Aurell . pp. 243-256

A Plastidial Glycolytic-Gluconeogenic Switch of Mitochondrial Origin Enables Diatom Adaptations to High Latitudes

Abstract Organic carbon fixed through the Calvin Cycle can be diverted towards different metabolic fates within and beyond the plastids of photosynthetic eukaryotes. These include export to the cytoplasm and mitochondrial respiration; gluconeogenesis of storage compounds; and the anabolic synthesis of lipids, amino acids and cofactors via the plastidial pyruvate hub. In plants, pyruvate is principally synthesised via the lower half of glycolysis-gluconeogenesis in the cytoplasm, although a secondary plastid-targeted pathway in non-photosynthetic tissue directly links glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate to the pyruvate hub. Here, we characterize a complete plastidial lower half glycolytic-gluconeogenic pathway in the photosynthetic plastids of diatoms, obligately photosynthetic eukaryotic algae that are important contributors to marine primary production. We show that the two enzymes required to complete plastidial glycolysis-gluconeogenesis, plastidial Enolase and PGAM ( bis -phospho-glycerate mutase), originated through recent duplications of mitochondria-targeted respiratory glycolytic isoforms. Through CRISPR-Cas9 mutagenesis and integrative ‘omic analyses in the diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum , we present evidence that this pathway functions to divert excess plastidial glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate into diverse fates accessed from the pyruvate hub, and may potentially also function in the gluconeogenic direction to permit more efficient management of cellular carbon. Considering meta-genomic data, we show that this pathway is of greater importance in polar and sub-polar oceans, in which diatoms dominate primary production; and considering experimental data, we show that this principally relates to the elongated photoperiods present at high latitudes. Our data provide insights into the functions of a poorly understood yet evolutionarily recurrent plastidial metabolic pathway, and a further explanation for the success of diatoms in the contemporary ocean

Identification of Genes in the Phenylalanine Metabolic Pathway by Ectopic Expression of a MYB Transcription Factor in Tomato Fruit[W]

Ectopic expression of a MYB transcription factor, ODO1, in tomato fruit altered Phe and phenylpropanoid metabolism, as shown by metabolic profiling and flux analysis. This disruption permitted identification of a set of coregulated genes, including prephenate aminotransferase, which converts prephenate to arogenate. The results establish a fruit arogenate pathway for Phe synthesis

Proteomics in Myzus persicae: effect of aphid host plant switch.

Chemical ecology is the study of how particular chemicals are involved in interactions of organisms with each other and with their surroundings. In order to reduce insect attack, plants have evolved a variety of defence mechanisms, both constitutive and inducible, while insects have evolved strategies to overcome these plant defences (such as detoxification enzymes). A major determinant of the influence of evolutionary arms races is the strategy of the insect: generalist insect herbivores, such as Myzus persicae aphid, need more complex adaptive mechanisms since they need to respond to a large array of different plant defensive chemicals. Here we studied the chemical ecology of M. persicae associated with different plant species, from Brassicaceae and Solanaceae families. To identify the involved adaptation systems to cope with the plant secondary substances and to assess the differential expression of these systems, a proteomic approach was developed. A non-restrictive approach was developed to identify all the potential adaptation systems toward the secondary metabolites from host plants. The complex protein mixtures were separated by two-dimensional electrophoresis methods and the related spots of proteins significantly varying were selected and identified by mass spectrometry (ESI MS/MS) coupled with data bank investigations. Fourteen aphid proteins were found to vary according to host plant switch; ten of them were down regulated (proteins involved in glycolysis, TCA cycle, protein and lipid synthesis) while four others were overexpressed (mainly related to the cytoskeleton). These techniques are very reliable to describe the proteome from organisms such as insects in response to particular environmental change such as host plant species of herbivores

Supplementary Fig. 4 A Respiration and photosynthesis in P. tricornutum cells from Investigating mixotrophic metabolism in the model diatom <i>Phaeodactylum tricornutum</i>

Direct assessment of oxygen consumption by a polarographic approach in both phototrophy (black bar) and mix-otrophy (red bar). B. Fluorescent based-assay to monitoring the changes in respiration using the Redox Dye A in presence of the selected compounds (see methods)

Supplementary Fig. 3 Quantification of intracellular pyruvate by a fluorescence-based method from Investigating mixotrophic metabolism in the model diatom <i>Phaeodactylum tricornutum</i>

A. Pyruvate standard curve. B. Quantification of intracellular pyruvate in cells grown in phototrophy (PHOT) and mixotrophy (MIX)