Analysis of the evolution of the Spanish labour market through unsupervised learning

Unemployment in Spain is one of the biggest concerns of its inhabitants. Its unemployment rate is the second highest in the European Union, and in the second quarter of 2018 there is a 15.2% unemployment rate, some 3.4 million unemployed. Construction is one of the activity sectors that have suffered the most from the economic crisis. In addition, the economic crisis affected in different ways to the labour market in terms of occupation level or location. The aim of this paper is to discover how the labour market is organised taking into account the jobs that workers get during two periods: 2011-2013, which corresponds to the economic crisis period, and 2014-2016, which was a period of economic recovery. The data used are official records of the Spanish administration corresponding to 1.9 and 2.4 million job placements, respectively. The labour market was analysed by applying unsupervised machine learning techniques to obtain a clear and structured information on the employment generation process and the underlying labour mobility. We have applied two clustering methods with two different technologies, and the results indicate that there were some movements in the Spanish labour market which have changed the physiognomy of some of the jobs. The analysis reveals the changes in the labour market: the crisis forces greater geographical mobility and favours the subsequent emergence of new job sources. Nevertheless, there still exist some clusters that remain stable despite the crisis. We may conclude that we have achieved a characterisation of some important groups of workers in Spain. The methodology used, being supported by Big Data techniques, would serve to analyse any alternative job market.Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad TIN2014-55894-C2-R y TIN2017-88209-C2-2-R, CO2017-8678

Tackling the Peak Overlap Issue in NMR Metabolomics Studies: 1D Projected Correlation Traces from Statistical Correlation Analysis on Nontilted 2D 1 H NMR J-Resolved Spectra

The identification of metabolites in complex biological matrices is a challenging task in 1D 1 H-NMR-based metabolomics studies. Statistical total correlation spectroscopy (STOCSY) has emerged for aiding the structural elucidation by revealing the peaks that present a high correlation to a driver peak of interest (which would likely belong to the same molecule). However, in these studies, the signals from metabolites are normally present as a mixture of overlapping resonances, limiting the performance of STOCSY. As an alternative to avoid the overlap issue, 2D 1 H homonuclear J-resolved (JRES) spectra were projected, in their usual tilted and symmetrized processed form, and STOCSY was applied on these 1D projections (p-JRES-STOCSY). Nonetheless, this approach suffers in cases where the signals are very close. In addition, STOCSY was applied to the whole JRES spectra (also tilted) to identify correlated multiplets, although the overlap issue in itself was not addressed directly and the subsequent search in databases is complicated in cases of higher order coupling. With these limitations in mind, in the present work, we propose a new methodology based on the application of STOCSY on a set of nontilted JRES spectra, detecting peaks that would overlap in 1D spectra of the same sample set. Correlation comparison analysis for peak overlap detection (COCOA-POD) is able to reconstruct projected 1D STOCSY traces that result in more suitable database queries, as all peaks are summed at their f2 resonances instead of the resonance corresponding to the multiplet center in the tilted JRES spectra. (The peak dispersion and resolution enhancement gained are not sacrificed by the projection.) Besides improving database queries with better peak lists obtained from the projections of the 2D STOCSY analysis, the overlap region is examined, and the multiplet itself is analyzed from the correlation trace at 45° to obtain a cleaner multiplet profile, free from contributions from uncorrelated neighboring peaks.Fil: Charris Molina, Andres Fernando. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Centro de Investigaciones en Bionanociencias "Elizabeth Jares Erijman"; Argentina. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Analítica y Química Física; ArgentinaFil: Riquelme, Gabriel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Centro de Investigaciones en Bionanociencias "Elizabeth Jares Erijman"; Argentina. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Analítica y Química Física; ArgentinaFil: Burdisso, Paula. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Rosario. Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas. Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario; ArgentinaFil: Hoijemberg, Pablo Ariel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Centro de Investigaciones en Bionanociencias "Elizabeth Jares Erijman"; Argentin

Inhibition of attachment of some fouling diatoms and settlement of Ulva lactuca zoospores by film-forming bacterium and their extracellular products isolated from biofouled substrata in Northern Chile

The biofouling of surfaces submerged in the marine environment includes primary colonization of the substrate by microorganisms including bacteria, microalgae, and microscopic reproductive propagules of macroorganisms such as algal zoospores. The present study reports the evaluation of the inhibitory potential of biofilms and extracellular products (EP) of the indigenous bacterium Alteromonas sp strain Ni1-LEM on the settlement of marine biofouling such as: (i) eight marine benthic diatoms and (ii) zoospores of the alga Ulva lactuca , as well as the germination of these zoospores and was compared with reference strains with proven antifouling properties, Halomonas marina (ATCC 25374) and Pseudoalteromonas tunicata . Highest antifouling activity was found for the indigenous strain. In attempts to better define the chemical nature of the antifouling substance in the EP of the Alteromonas sp strain Ni1-LEM, the culture filtrates were tested for activity after heat treatment, enzymatic treatments, dialysis through semipermeable membranes, and separation into polar (aqueous) and non-polar (organic) fractions. The results suggested that the antifouling substance in the culture filtrates to be protein or peptide in nature, thermostable, hydrophilic, and equal to or greater than 3500 daltons in molecular size. Antifouling substances from bacteria may lead to the development of novel antifouling agents in the future

A confirmatory factor analysis of the "autoconcepto forma 5" questionnaire in young adults from Spain and Chile

The aim of this work is to examine the pentafactorial validity of the AF5 Self-Concept Questionnaire in Spanish and Chilean young adults. From the responses of a total of 4, 383 young adults aged 17 to 22 years (1, 918 Spanish, 44%, and 2, 465 Chilean, 56%) it was analyzed the reliability of the instrument, the compared validity of the 5 oblique factor model proposed by the authors versus the unifactorial and the orthogonal alternative models, and was studied the invariance of one Chilean sample. The results of confirmatory factor analyses supported the authors' pentafactorial model. The multi-group factorial invariance showed that Chilean sample of the AF5 does not change neither the Spanish factor weights, nor the variances and covariances of the factors, or the error variances of items. Finally, the internal consistency of the five scales was good in the samples of both countries

Construcción de la historia reciente del ferrocarril de La Araucanía (Chile) desde la percepción de sus trabajadores

El presente artículo tiene por objetivo analizar la percepción de los trabajadores ferroviarios de La Araucanía, Chile, en relación con el papel desempeñado por el ferrocarril en las dinámicas socioculturales y económicas de la región. A partir de una metodología cualitativa, donde se entrevistó a veintitrés trabajadores y extrabajadores ferroviarios, se desarrolló el trabajo de campo en ciudades históricas de la región como Victoria, Lautaro, Temuco y Renaico, las cuales se gestaron territorialmente en estrecha relación con la inserción del ferrocarril desde la segunda mitad del siglo XIX. Dentro de los hallazgos cabe destacar la relevancia del ferrocarril en la vida cotidiana de los habitantes de la región, el rol del ferrocarril en la participación social de los ciudadanos, la trascendencia del patrimonio ferroviario desde el encuentro entre lo material y lo subjetivo y las transformaciones en las formas de interacción social de los trabajadores ferroviarios

International responsibility for SARS-CoV-2 according to the normative framework of the World Health Organization

El virus SARS-CoV-2 ha causado grandes estragos en el mundo, no solo en materia sanitaria, sino también en materia política, económica, psicológica y social. Dados los efectos nefastos de este virus, muchas voces claman y clamarán por algún tipo de reparación o que se determine a los responsables de la expansión del mismo. En este contexto, la figura del Derecho Internacional Público de la responsabilidad por el hecho internacionalmente ilícito toma relevancia como mecanismo jurídico. El presente artículo hará un recorrido teórico de la Responsabilidad por el hecho ilícito internacional, aplicado al caso de una eventual reclamación internacional por los efectos del SARS-CoV-2. Para determinar las presuntas normas internacionales incumplidas se acudirá a las regulaciones normativas de la Organización Mundial de la Salud, se analizará si procede o no la responsabilidad a la luz de los hechos y normas y se examinará la forma en que la Constitución de la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) y el Reglamento Sanitario Internacional (RSI) establecen los métodos de solución pacífica de controversia y lo que podría pasar en cada uno de dichos métodos. El principal hallazgo será que la complejidad del caso y la concatenación de métodos de solución de controversias de la Constitución de la OMS y del RSI hacen que las eventuales soluciones de las mismas sean muy dilatadas en el tiempo. En la metodología empleada para el análisis de la situación, se acudirá a los criterios que en materias afines se han consagrados en distintos fallos de la Corte Internacional de Justicia

Around Samuel Huntington: some insights about the clashof civilizations

El artículo hace una revisión de la idea del Choque de Civilizaciones planteada por Samuel Huntington, a la luz del contexto internacional actual. Se reseñan algunos de sus rasgos principales y se destacan las críticas que dicha propuesta ha generado. El artículo también plantea la dificultad de la perspectiva del Choque de Civilizaciones para dar cuenta de la complejidad e incertidumbre de la realidad internacional actual.The following article aims to apply the idea of the Clash of Civilizations developed by Samuel Huntington to the current international context. It explores some of its main characteristics as well as some of the criticisms it provoked. The article also pointing out the difficulties of the Clash of Civilisation perspective to reflect the complexity and uncertainty of the current international scenario