Espace et narration : théorie et pratique

Dans les diverses approches du récit, l'espace est le parent pauvre. C'est particulièrement vrai en narratologie. Genette a proposé un modèle explicatif qui permet de rendre compte de la voix, du mode et du temps narratifs, mais il a laissé à d'autres le soin de bâtir un modèle pour l'espace. Les tentatives pour le faire ont été très peu nombreuses et aucun ensemble de catégories descriptives de l'espace comme forme narrative n'a été proposé. C'est l'objectif de cette réflexion : établir un ensemble de catégories narratologiques qui permette de décrire l'espace comme forme narrative autonome contribuant au sens global du récit, par la configuration de l'espace inscrite dans ce récit par la narration.Among the various approaches to the study of narrative, space has consistently been the poor relation. This is particularly true in narratology. Although Genette put forward an explanatory model taking into account narrative voice, mode and time, he left to others the task of building a model for space. Very few have risen to the challenge : in fact, we possess no set of descriptive categories for space as narrative form. The object of this essay is in some measure to supply this lacuna. It seeks to define a set of narratological categories capable of describing space as an autonomous narrative form contributing to the total meaning of narrative by the configuration of space within works through narration

COMÉRCIO JUSTO INTERNACIONAL: O CASO DO SUCO DE LARANJA ENTRE O BRASIL E A FRANÇA

This paper is a preliminary analysis of the governance structure of the faire trade of orange juice between Brazil and France. Fair trade is an organizational field composed of complex organizational networks that maintain relations of mutual dependence and share the same values system. As fair trade is a subject that has received relatively little study and presents many particularities, an exploratory study was considered appropriate. Primary and secondary data were collected. In the case of the trade of orange juice between Brazil and France, two commercial networks were identified. The integrated network is constituted by professionals who specialize in fair trade, while the certified network includes more conventional commercial organizations, such as supermarkets. However, although they adopt different functioning mechanisms, in the case of orange juice the importers in the integrated network have integrated themselves into the certified network. In this way, they meet the requirements of the certified network and follow its rules for importing Brazilian orange juice. After analyzing the intrinsic characteristics of the product, the asset specificity, the frequency and the uncertainty of the transactions, the governance structure observed was the hybrid arrangement, in which long-term contracts are used to coordinate relations.transaction costs, governance structures, networks, fair trade, orange juice., Agribusiness, Agricultural Finance, Industrial Organization,

Immunological responses in human papillomavirus 16 E6/E7-transgenic mice to E7 protein correlate with the presence of skin disease

The human papillomavirus (HPV) oncogenes, E6 and E7, are believed to contribute to the development of cervical cancers in women infected with certain HPV genotypes, most notably HPV-16 and HPV-18. Given their expression in tumor tissue, E6 and E7 have been implicated as potential tumor-specific antigens. We have examined an HPV-16 E6- and E7-transgenic mouse lineage for immune responses to these viral oncoproteins. Mice in this lineage express the HPV-16 E6 and E7 genes in their skin and eyes, and on aging, these mice frequently develop squamous cell carcinomas and lenticular tumors. Young transgenic mice, which had measurable E7 protein in the eye but not in the skin, were immunologically naive to E7 protein. They mounted an immune response to E7 on immunization comparable to that of nontransgenic controls, suggesting a lack of immune tolerance to this protein. Older line 19 mice, which are susceptible to skin disease associated with transcription of the E6 and E7 open reading frames, had measurable E7 protein in their skin. These older transgenic mice spontaneously developed antibody responses to endogenous E7 protein, particularly in association with skin disease. Also detected in older mice were delayed-type hypersensitivity responses to E7. These finding parallel the humoral immune response to E7 protein in patients with HPV-associated cervical cancer and suggest that line 19 mice may provide a model for studying the immunobiology of HPV-associated cancers

Degradation of azo dye (Acid orange 7) in a microbial fuel cell: comparison between anodic microbial-mediated reduction and cathodic laccase-mediated oxidation

More than 80 per cent of wastewater from industries is discharged into receiving water bodies without any pollution control. Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) are a promising technology for the simultaneous treatment of wastewater and electricity production. With regard to azo-dye containing wastewater (e.g. from textile manufacturing), the dye may be fed via the anode chamber containing electrochemically active bacteria or via the cathode chamber containing laccase enzyme as catalyst for oxygen reduction. This study investigated which of the two approaches is the best with regard to rate of decolourization of the dye (Acid orange 7), COD reduction and electricity production. The power density was higher for the MFCDye cathode (50±4 mW m-2, COD reduction 80.4±1.2%) compared with 42.5±2.6 mW m-2 (COD reduction 69±2%) for MFCDye anode. The time required for decolourization was longer in the MFCDye anode (Shewanella oneidensis) where only 20% decolourization was obtained after 24 h compared to 80% for the MFCDye cathode. The anodic dye degradation products were unstable when exposed to air resulting in regaining of colour. In case of degradation by laccase in the cathode chamber, the decolourization products were stable and simpler in chemical structure as determined by GC-MS. This work suggests that feeding azo dyes in cathode chambers of MFCs containing laccase is a better way of treating the dyes compared to the commonly used approach of feeding the dye in the anode chamber provided enzyme activity can be sustained

Superconformal symmetry and maximal supergravity in various dimensions

In this paper we explore the relation between conformal superalgebras with 64 supercharges and maximal supergravity theories in three, four and six dimensions using twistorial oscillator techniques. The massless fields of N=8 supergravity in four dimensions were shown to fit into a CPT-self-conjugate doubleton supermultiplet of the conformal superalgebra SU(2,2|8) a long time ago. We show that the fields of maximal supergravity in three dimensions can similarly be fitted into the super singleton multiplet of the conformal superalgebra OSp(16|4,R), which is related to the doubleton supermultiplet of SU(2,2|8) by dimensional reduction. Moreover, we construct the ultra-short supermultiplet of the six-dimensional conformal superalgebra OSp(8*|8) and show that its component fields can be organized in an on-shell superfield. The ultra-short OSp(8*|8) multiplet reduces to the doubleton supermultiplet of SU(2,2|8) upon dimensional reduction. We discuss the possibility of a chiral maximal (4,0) six-dimensional supergravity theory with USp(8) R-symmetry that reduces to maximal supergravity in four dimensions and is different from six-dimensional (2,2) maximal supergravity, whose fields cannot be fitted into a unitary supermultiplet of a simple conformal superalgebra. Such an interacting theory would be the gravitational analog of the (2,0) theory.Comment: 54 pages, PDFLaTeX, Section 5 and several references added. Version accepted for publication in JHE