Debating Humanitarian Intervention: Should We Try to Save Strangers?

When violence breaks out in a country, foreign governments face a difficult dilemma: should they intervene on behalf of the victims, or should they remain spectators? Each choice offers its own perils, and philosophers Fernando R. Tesón and Bas van der Vossen offer contrasting views of intervention by employing modern analytic philosophy, particularly just war theory. Tesón and van der Vossen refer to and weigh the consequences of past, present, and future interventions in Syria, Somalia, Rwanda, Bosnia, Iraq, Lybia, Egypt, and more.https://digitalcommons.chapman.edu/philosophy_books/1023/thumbnail.jp

Trends and drivers of change of pastoral beef production systems in a mediterranean-temperate climate zone of chile

The present study used surveys of the cattle sector over the period of 2009–2015 to develop a typology of cattle farms to evaluate their evolution over time and to identify variables that may be associated with systems’ adaptive changes and continuance. Four groups of farms were defined using multivariate analyses as follows: Group I are small calf-cow operations using non-specialized beef breeds; Group II is similar to Group I but employs specialized beef breeds; Group III is dedicated to finishing cattle, and Group IV are larger farms (>1000 animals) with a complete cycle of breeding and fattening. In general, beef cattle production in the temperate—Mediterranean Southern Zone of Chile is declining in response to the opening up of the economy that allows for ample imports, the high opportunity cost of land, and recurrent droughts associated with climate change. Current policies and regulations have modified farms’ businesses models depending on their ease of access to markets, farm size and financial capacity. The defined groups require different development paths and strategies. Sustainable intensification is an alternative strategy for farms in Group I and II, particularly if they were to contract the finishing stage of their cattle with Group III farms. In contrast, it is suggested that Group IV farms concentrate on pastoral production using low external inputs to enhance the production of “natural” beef for high-value niche markets, with positive externalities

Meat Consumers’ Opinion Regarding Unhealthy Pigs: Should They Be Treated with Antibiotics or Euthanized on Farm?

The aim of this study was to investigate the opinions of meat consumers (n = 1780) on on-farm management of unhealthy pigs, whether support for treatment with antibiotics varies according with chance of recovery, and the effect of knowledge on the use of antibiotics on these opinions. Most participants believed that the use of antibiotics was the best solution for unhealthy pigs, and this was associated with a low level of knowledge about antibiotics. Increasing the probability of recovery after treatment increased support for treating pigs with antibiotics. However, the majority of participants rejected the consumption of meat from animals housed in “hospital pens”. After price, concern with food safety was the second main factor that influenced participants’ choice when buying meat. Support for the use of antibiotics to deal with unhealthy pigs in “hospital pens”, as well as for consumption of the meat from these animals, was higher among participants involved in agriculture. This shows that consumers are unaware of the potential negative repercussions for animal welfare associated with banning or reducing the use of antibiotics in livestock production, which is an important concern for the industry.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

The effects of the Nordic hamstring exercise on sprint performance and eccentric knee flexor strength: A systematic review and meta-analysis of intervention studies among team sport players

The primary aim of this study was to investigate the effects of the Nordic hamstring exercise (NH E ) on sprint performance (i.e., 5, 10 and 20 m) and explore associations between study characteristics and sprint outcomes in team sport players. Secondary aims were to (1) investigate the effects of the NH E on eccentric strength of the knee flexors (ES KF ) with categorical subgroup analysis to determine differences between recreationally, well-trained individuals and young athletes, (2) determine the relation between ES KF and sprint performance in team sport players, and (3) explore the effect of study characteristics (i.e., weekly volume, time duration and body mass) on ES KF .Medicin

Effects of ankle position during the Nordic Hamstring exercise on range of motion, heel contact force and hamstring muscle activation

One of the main benefits of the Nordic Hamstring Exercise (NHE) is that it can be performed without the need of any extra material. However, numerous technical execution variables such as the ankle and pelvis position can influence the performance. The primary aims of this study were to investigate the effects of ankle position (i.e., plantar or dorsal flexion) on Nordic Hamstring Break Point (NHBP), repetition time and heel contact force. A secondary aim was to investigate differences in biceps femoris long head and semitendinosus muscle activation. Male professional field hockey players (n = 12) volunteered for the study. Paired t-tests were used to analyse the effect of ankle position on muscle NHBP, eccentric peak torque and repetition time. Ankle dorsal flexion resulted in a higher NHBP (p = 0.002, effect size [ES] = 1.48 [0.57 to 2.38]), repetition time (p = 0.004, ES = 0.98 [0.24 to 1.72]) and both absolute and relative heel contact force (p = 0.028, ES = 0.67 [0.01 to 1.34], p = 0.017, ES = 0.76 [0.07 to 1.44], respectively) compared to plantar flexion. Muscle activation was not significant different. This study showed a higher NHBP, absolute and relative heel contact force and repetition time with a dorsal flexed ankle vs. a plantar flexed ankle in the NHE, without changes in hamstrings muscle activation.Medicin

Estimation of static energy meter interference in waveforms obtained in on-site scenarios

© 2022 IEEE. Personal use of this material is permitted. Permission from IEEE must be obtained for all other uses, in any current or future media, including reprinting/republishing this material for advertising or promotional purposes,creating new collective works, for resale or redistribution to servers or lists, or reuse of any copyrighted component of this work in other works.Static energy meters have shown errors beyond the standards due to conducted electromagnetic interference of pulsed currents. This was observed in several case studies and confirmed by laboratory experiments, which showed errors up to 2675%. The extent of this interference case is unknown, because there is limited information about the waveforms occurring in the real on-site scenarios. This article aims to detect critical waveforms in on-site surveyed data that have similar characteristics as the pulses that resulted in metering errors. The time-domain parameters of the laboratory experiments that show static energy meter interference are compared to the on-site waveform data using an interpolation based on an inverse weighting distance function. Using this approach, the waveform characteristics are compared, and an error is estimated. This approach was satisfactorily validated using data from validation experiments that shows a correct estimation of the actual error according to the permissible limits for energy metering for all validation indices. The performed on-site surveys show the existence of nonlinear waveforms. During the survey of three sites for ten days, 19 531 waveforms were captured, of which 14 487 indicate large nonlinearities and 379 are estimated to produce metering errors up to 925%.Peer ReviewedPostprint (published version

Half of the patients with subepithelial tumours present borderline or pathologic anxiety-distress and carcinophobia: multicentre cohort study

Background and aims: minor nonspecific gastrointestinal sub-epithelial lesions (usually defined by the term 'tumor') are usually associated with a malignant illness and cancer. The aim of this study was to assess anxiety-distress and carcinophobia in patients referred to specialized monographic outpatient clinics for evaluation and treatment of this type of lesion.Methods: prospective, multicenter, cohort study. Specific self-reported questionnaires were used to report threat-ening life-experiences and to assess levels of distress (The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale) and cancer-related worries (The Cancer Worry Scale).Results: forty participants were included and analyzed at baseline. Pathologic and borderline anxiety were detected in 13 % (5/40, 95 % CI: 4-27 %) and 35 % (14/40, 95 % CI: 21-52 %) of participants, respectively, whereas, cancer-relat-ed worries (moderate to very high) were observed in 48 % (19/40, 95 % CI: 32-64 %) of participants. Pathologic global distress was identified in 25 % (10/40, 95 % CI: 13-42 %) of subjects. Higher educational level (university studies), a lack of lifetime psychiatric comorbidity and a lack of family history of cancer were associated with less anxiety, global distress and carcinophobia.Conclusions: almost half of the patients diagnosed with a minor nonspecific gastrointestinal subepithelial lesion pre-sented anxiety-distress and/or carcinophobia. Specific associ-ations with anxiety-distress reaction and fears were detected

On the mechanism of phenolic formylation mediated by TiCl4 complexes: existence of diradical intermediates induced by valence tautomerism

The conventional electrophilic intramolecular aromatic substitution pathway proposed by Cresp et al. [J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1 1973, 340 345] is confirmed by the observed products of phenolic formylation mediated by TiCl4. However, when the nucleophilic path is quenched by appropriate ligand modification, the initial equilibria between the possible neutral complexes of TiCl4 with 3,5-dimethoxy-phenol and/or diethyl ether lead to different stable diradical intermediates induced by valence tautomerism that provide valuable activated reagents. Some of these species have been detected by EPR, characterized theoretically and captured by TEMPO, thus providing a consistent mechanism for the reaction with one or more equivalents of TEMPO per phenol

MYCOBIOTA ASSOCIATED WITH Eucalyptus grandis HILL EX MAIDEN LUMBER DURING AIR DRYING

O objetivo principal deste trabalho foi o de acompanhar a secagem ao ar livre da madeira serrada de Eucalyptus grandis conduzida na regi\ue3o de Lavras, MG e identificar a micobiota associada \ue0 madeira em diversas fases da secagem. As t\ue1buas foram cortadas de oito toras de 3,0 m de comprimento, oriundas de tr\ueas \ue1rvores, com 27 anos de idade, plantadas em \ue1rea experimental da UFLA. Dos resultados, p\uf4de-se concluir que a secagem da madeira de Eucalyptus grandis ao ar livre, iniciada em janeiro, consumiu 158 dias at\ue9 atingir umidade pr\uf3xima a 12,5%. A curva de secagem foi representada por uma equa\ue7\ue3o logar\uedtmica com coeficiente de determina\ue7\ue3o (R2) igual a 98,3%. Os fungos causadores de bolores superficiais e de manchas tiveram maior ocorr\ueancia no in\uedcio da secagem. As mais altas freq\ufc\ueancias de fungos, verificadas no in\uedcio da secagem, foram observadas para Penicillium spp. e Pestalotiopsis sp. O fungo Lentinus lepideus ocorreu com maior freq\ufc\ueancia no final da secagem.This work\u2019s main objective was to follow the air-drying of Eucalyptus grandis lumber, carried out in Lavras, MG, and to identify the mycobiota associated with the lumber at various phases of drying. The lumbers were obtained from eight 3.0 meter long logs from 27 year-old trees, planted in an experimental area of UFLA. Results showed that the air-drying of Eucalyptus grandis, started in January, demanded 158 days to achieve moisture content around 12.5 %. The moisture content-time curve was represented by a logarithmic equation with coefficient of determination equal to 98.3 %. The highest occurrence of fungi that cause surface mold and stain was observed at the beginning of the drying. The highest frequencies of fungi were verified at the beginning of the drying for Penicillium spp and Pestalotiopsis sp. The fungus Lentinus lepideus occurred with higher frequency at the end of the drying

Changing diets over time: knock-on effects of marine megafauna overexploitation on their competitors in the South-Western Atlantic Ocean

This study compares the δ15N values and the trophic position of two seabird species throughout the late Holocene in three regions in the southwestern Atlantic Ocean to assess the hypothesis that the decimation of megafauna led to changes in the trophic position of mesopredators. Modern and ancient mollusk shells were also analyzed to account for changes in the isotopic baseline through time. Results revealed that modern Magellanic penguins have higher δ15N values than their ancient conspecifics in the three regions, after controlling for changes in the isotopic baseline. This was also true for modern Imperial shags compared with ancient unidentified cormorants/shags from the two areas where ancient specimens were recovered (southern Patagonia and the Beagle Channel). Such temporal variability might be caused by three non-mutually exclusive processes: decreased availability of pelagic squat lobster resulting from decreasing primary productivity through the late Holocene, increased availability of small fishes resulting from the sequential depletion of other piscivores (South American fur seal and sea lion and Argentine hake) since the late eighteenth century, and modification of the migratory patterns of Magellanic penguins. Although disentangling the relative contribution of all those processes is impossible at this time, the results reported here demonstrate that the ecology of Magellanic penguins and Imperial shags has undergone major changes since the late Holocene.Fil: Bas, Maria. Universidad de Barcelona; EspañaFil: Tivoli, Angelica Montserrat. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Austral de Investigaciones Científicas; ArgentinaFil: Briz Godino, Ivan. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Austral de Investigaciones Científicas; Argentina. University of York; Reino UnidoFil: Salemme, Monica Cira. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Austral de Investigaciones Científicas; ArgentinaFil: Santiago, Fernando Carlos. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Austral de Investigaciones Científicas; ArgentinaFil: Belardi, Juan Bautista. Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia Austral. Unidad Académica Río Gallegos; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Borella, Florencia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tandil. Investigaciones Arqueológicas y Paleontológicas del Cuaternario Pampeano. Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Investigaciones Arqueológicas y Paleontológicas del Cuaternario Pampeano; ArgentinaFil: Vales, Damián Gustavo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Centro Nacional Patagónico. Centro para el Estudio de Sistemas Marinos; ArgentinaFil: Crespo, Enrique Alberto. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Centro Nacional Patagónico. Centro para el Estudio de Sistemas Marinos; ArgentinaFil: Cardona, Luis. Universidad de Barcelona; Españ