Samba schools, national identity and right to the city

As escolas de samba surgiram no final da década de 1920, inventadas e organizadas pelos grupos mais pobres da cidade do Rio de Janeiro, que saíram de seus subúrbios, bairros e favelas para conquistar a grande festa da capital do país e se tornar, ao final da Segunda Guerra Mundial, o símbolo mais original e conhecido da representação nacional brasileira. As interpretações mais tradicionais desqualificam essas grandes conquistas, acusam correntes nacionalistas, políticos populistas e a ditadura de Getúlio Vargas (1937-1945) de terem manipulado e controlado ideologicamente as escolas de samba, impondo o desenvolvimento de enredos em prol de um discurso oficial, nacionalista e patriótico que convinha à dominação. Neste artigo nos opomos radicalmente a essas interpretações, mostrando que tal domínio foi bastante relativo, que o desenvolvimento dos temas nacionais no carnaval carioca é um assunto bem mais complexo e, finalmente, que a transformação do samba e da escola de samba em representação nacional foi uma estratégia para conquistar e se impor ao carnaval, à cidade e à sociedade. Narramos uma rara e bela vitória dos vencidos.Samba schools emerged in the late 1920s, invented and organized by the poorest groups in the city of Rio de Janeiro, which came out of their slums, ghettos and neighborhoods to conquer the great feast of the nation's capital and become, at the end World War II, the most original and well-known symbol of Brazilian national representation. The more traditional interpretations disqualify these great achievements, accusing nationalist movements, political and the populist dictatorship of Getulio Vargas (1937-1945) of ideologically manipulating and controlling samba schools, imposing the development of plots in favor of an official, nationalistic and patriotic discourse suited to domination. In this article we radically oppose these interpretations, showing that this domination was relative, that the problem of development of national issues are a more complex issue, and, finally, that the transformation of samba and samba schools in mean of national representation was a strategy to conquer and to impose carnival to the city and society. Here we narrate a rare and beautiful victory of the vanquished

Samba schools, national identity and right to the city

As escolas de samba surgiram no final da década de 1920, inventadas e organizadas pelos grupos mais pobres da cidade do Rio de Janeiro, que saíram de seus subúrbios, bairros e favelas para conquistar a grande festa da capital do país e se tornar, ao final da Segunda Guerra Mundial, o símbolo mais original e conhecido da representação nacional brasileira. As interpretações mais tradicionais desqualificam essas grandes conquistas, acusam correntes nacionalistas, políticos populistas e a ditadura de Getúlio Vargas (1937-1945) de terem manipulado e controlado ideologicamente as escolas de samba, impondo o desenvolvimento de enredos em prol de um discurso oficial, nacionalista e patriótico que convinha à dominação. Neste artigo nos opomos radicalmente a essas interpretações, mostrando que tal domínio foi bastante relativo, que o desenvolvimento dos temas nacionais no carnaval carioca é um assunto bem mais complexo e, finalmente, que a transformação do samba e da escola de samba em representação nacional foi uma estratégia para conquistar e se impor ao carnaval, à cidade e à sociedade. Narramos uma rara e bela vitória dos vencidos.Samba schools emerged in the late 1920s, invented and organized by the poorest groups in the city of Rio de Janeiro, which came out of their slums, ghettos and neighborhoods to conquer the great feast of the nation's capital and become, at the end World War II, the most original and well-known symbol of Brazilian national representation. The more traditional interpretations disqualify these great achievements, accusing nationalist movements, political and the populist dictatorship of Getulio Vargas (1937-1945) of ideologically manipulating and controlling samba schools, imposing the development of plots in favor of an official, nationalistic and patriotic discourse suited to domination. In this article we radically oppose these interpretations, showing that this domination was relative, that the problem of development of national issues are a more complex issue, and, finally, that the transformation of samba and samba schools in mean of national representation was a strategy to conquer and to impose carnival to the city and society. Here we narrate a rare and beautiful victory of the vanquished

Reflexões sobre as Ações da Sociedade Civil na Construção do PNE 2014/2024

Resumo: Apoiando-se em conceitos como democracia e participação social, este texto discute a incidência da sociedade civil na construção do PNE 2014/2024, a partir da atuação da Campanha Nacional pelo Direito à Educação. Para tanto, descrevem-se aspectos da realização da CONAE/2010, apresentam-se elementos das tramitações do texto oficial no Congresso Nacional e relatam-se as ações da Campanha ao longo de cada uma dessas fases. Ao final destacam-se os limites das intervenções da sociedade civil, a fragilidade dos mecanismos de participação e a desproporção entre os esforços mobilizados e as alterações efetivadas, elementos que podem asfixiar os estímulos à futuras participações

Brazilian Flora 2020: Leveraging the power of a collaborative scientific network

International audienceThe shortage of reliable primary taxonomic data limits the description of biological taxa and the understanding of biodiversity patterns and processes, complicating biogeographical, ecological, and evolutionary studies. This deficit creates a significant taxonomic impediment to biodiversity research and conservation planning. The taxonomic impediment and the biodiversity crisis are widely recognized, highlighting the urgent need for reliable taxonomic data. Over the past decade, numerous countries worldwide have devoted considerable effort to Target 1 of the Global Strategy for Plant Conservation (GSPC), which called for the preparation of a working list of all known plant species by 2010 and an online world Flora by 2020. Brazil is a megadiverse country, home to more of the world's known plant species than any other country. Despite that, Flora Brasiliensis, concluded in 1906, was the last comprehensive treatment of the Brazilian flora. The lack of accurate estimates of the number of species of algae, fungi, and plants occurring in Brazil contributes to the prevailing taxonomic impediment and delays progress towards the GSPC targets. Over the past 12 years, a legion of taxonomists motivated to meet Target 1 of the GSPC, worked together to gather and integrate knowledge on the algal, plant, and fungal diversity of Brazil. Overall, a team of about 980 taxonomists joined efforts in a highly collaborative project that used cybertaxonomy to prepare an updated Flora of Brazil, showing the power of scientific collaboration to reach ambitious goals. This paper presents an overview of the Brazilian Flora 2020 and provides taxonomic and spatial updates on the algae, fungi, and plants found in one of the world's most biodiverse countries. We further identify collection gaps and summarize future goals that extend beyond 2020. Our results show that Brazil is home to 46,975 native species of algae, fungi, and plants, of which 19,669 are endemic to the country. The data compiled to date suggests that the Atlantic Rainforest might be the most diverse Brazilian domain for all plant groups except gymnosperms, which are most diverse in the Amazon. However, scientific knowledge of Brazilian diversity is still unequally distributed, with the Atlantic Rainforest and the Cerrado being the most intensively sampled and studied biomes in the country. In times of “scientific reductionism”, with botanical and mycological sciences suffering pervasive depreciation in recent decades, the first online Flora of Brazil 2020 significantly enhanced the quality and quantity of taxonomic data available for algae, fungi, and plants from Brazil. This project also made all the information freely available online, providing a firm foundation for future research and for the management, conservation, and sustainable use of the Brazilian funga and flora

Geoeconomic variations in epidemiology, ventilation management, and outcomes in invasively ventilated intensive care unit patients without acute respiratory distress syndrome: a pooled analysis of four observational studies

Background: Geoeconomic variations in epidemiology, the practice of ventilation, and outcome in invasively ventilated intensive care unit (ICU) patients without acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) remain unexplored. In this analysis we aim to address these gaps using individual patient data of four large observational studies. Methods: In this pooled analysis we harmonised individual patient data from the ERICC, LUNG SAFE, PRoVENT, and PRoVENT-iMiC prospective observational studies, which were conducted from June, 2011, to December, 2018, in 534 ICUs in 54 countries. We used the 2016 World Bank classification to define two geoeconomic regions: middle-income countries (MICs) and high-income countries (HICs). ARDS was defined according to the Berlin criteria. Descriptive statistics were used to compare patients in MICs versus HICs. The primary outcome was the use of low tidal volume ventilation (LTVV) for the first 3 days of mechanical ventilation. Secondary outcomes were key ventilation parameters (tidal volume size, positive end-expiratory pressure, fraction of inspired oxygen, peak pressure, plateau pressure, driving pressure, and respiratory rate), patient characteristics, the risk for and actual development of acute respiratory distress syndrome after the first day of ventilation, duration of ventilation, ICU length of stay, and ICU mortality. Findings: Of the 7608 patients included in the original studies, this analysis included 3852 patients without ARDS, of whom 2345 were from MICs and 1507 were from HICs. Patients in MICs were younger, shorter and with a slightly lower body-mass index, more often had diabetes and active cancer, but less often chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and heart failure than patients from HICs. Sequential organ failure assessment scores were similar in MICs and HICs. Use of LTVV in MICs and HICs was comparable (42·4% vs 44·2%; absolute difference -1·69 [-9·58 to 6·11] p=0·67; data available in 3174 [82%] of 3852 patients). The median applied positive end expiratory pressure was lower in MICs than in HICs (5 [IQR 5-8] vs 6 [5-8] cm H2O; p=0·0011). ICU mortality was higher in MICs than in HICs (30·5% vs 19·9%; p=0·0004; adjusted effect 16·41% [95% CI 9·52-23·52]; p<0·0001) and was inversely associated with gross domestic product (adjusted odds ratio for a US$10 000 increase per capita 0·80 [95% CI 0·75-0·86]; p<0·0001). Interpretation: Despite similar disease severity and ventilation management, ICU mortality in patients without ARDS is higher in MICs than in HICs, with a strong association with country-level economic status