Extracción con CO2 supercrítico de oleorresina y otras fracciones de pimentón dulce y picante

Paprika extraction by supercritical CO2 (ESCO2) dependson sample pretreatment (milling, pelletization), the static ordynamic conditions of the pressure, temperature, extraction time, solvent flow and density, the steps of the extractions, or the use of cosolvents. The best conditions according to the literature are prepelletizing samples and extracting at 40 °C in two steps: 13,8-15 MPa for aroma volatiles and β-carotene, followed by 40 MPa for other carotenoids (capsorubin,capsanthine, zeaxanthine, and β-cryptoxanthine). In general, supercritical CO2 extract better the capsaicinoids andtocopherols than the red xanthophylls. To extractcapsaicinoids, 32-40 MPa y 40-55 °C have been used, and for chlorophyll pigments in some cultivars and stages of maturity 36 MPa and 45 °C. For tocopherols, 20 MPa and 55 °C or the above conditions have been advised. Depending on the raw paprika composition and the optimum conditions used for the extraction, the yields are variable: 5,2-17,4% (total), 2-3%carotenoids, 0,7–8,6% capsaicinoids in pungent oleoresin and 370-400 μg tocopherols • g-1 oleoresin (mainly the atocopherolisomer). The recovery of the compounds ofinterest by fractionation and optimization of the raw materialand extraction process is 90-100%. Ethanol, water and aceticacid are used as cosolvents to extract capsaicinoids, and forβ-carotene the 2,2-dimethoxypropane or ESCO2 plus adsorption in silica gel. The ESCO2 allows extracting anoleoresin free from paprika contaminants. The main hazards and critical control point are derived from the high pressure of the CO2, the homogeneity of the solute distribution depending on the previous pretreatments, and the variability of the results in pigment composition compared with that obtained by means of conventional extraction, as well as the difficult to reproduce laboratory results to an industrial scale. The innovations in paprika ESCO2 extract are the aromatized extracts, colorants or deodorized extracts, capsaicinoids extract for food or other uses, as well as oleoresins enrichedin zeaxanthines that it is possible to obtain.Se revisan las condiciones para la extracción de pimiento o pimentón mediante CO2 supercrítico (ESCO2), la cual depende del pretratamiento de las muestras (trituración, peletizado,etc.), las condiciones estáticas o dinámicas, presión,temperatura, tiempo de extracción, cantidad y densidaddel CO2, etapas de extracción, o presencia de cosolventes. Las condiciones aconsejables según la literatura son prepeletizary extraer a 40 °C en dos etapas: 13,8-15 MPa paraaromas y β-caroteno, seguido de 40 MPa para otros carotenoides (capsorrubeno, capsanteno, zeaxanteno, y β-criptoxanteno).En general la ESCO2 extrae mejor capsaicinoidesy tocoferoles que xantofilas rojas. Para extraer capsaicinoidesse han utilizado 32-40 MPa y 40-55 °C, y para extraerpigmentos clorofílicos en ciertos estados de madurez y variedades 36 MPa y 45 °C. Para tocoferoles 20 MPa y 55 °C ó las condiciones anteriores también se han aconsejado. Según la materia prima y condiciones de extracción óptimas, los rendimientos son muy variables: 5,2-17,4% (totales), 2-3% carotenoides totales, 0,7–8,6% de capsaicinoides en ORPs picantes, y 370-400 μg • g-1 de tocoferoles, (especialmente el isómero α-tocoferol). El porcentaje de recuperación de estos compuestos previa fraccionamiento y optimización de materia prima y proceso de extracción es del 90-100%.Como cosolventes para extraer capsaicinoides se ha utilizado etanol, agua y con menores resultados ácido acético u otros, y para β-caroteno 2,2-dimetoxipropano ó ESCO2 y adsorción mediante silica gel. Los principales peligros y puntos de control crítico del proceso son los derivados de la altapresión del CO2. Lo son también la homogeneidad de distribución del soluto según pretratamientos previos, la variabilidad de los resultados en composición de los pigmentos respecto a la extracción convencional, o la reproducibilidad de los resultados de planta piloto a nivel industrial. Mediante estatecnología pueden producirse extractos aromatizantes, colorantes o desodorizados, extracto de capsaicinoides parauso alimentario u otros, así como oleorresinas ricas en zeaxantenos

Extracción convencional de oleorresina de pimentón dulce y picante II. Peligros y puntos de control crítico y requerimientos comerciales

This paper reviews the hazards analysis and critical control points (HACCP) for the conventional extraction of paprika oleoresin, a product with potential to be produced in Africa and South America. These points include the toxicological, fire and explosion risks of the solvents, the temperature for miscella stripping, the risk of oxidations, isomerization and contaminant concentration in the oleoresin. Legal regulations in US and EU are also discussed, as well as some technical requirements and commercial and demand characteristics of the oleoresin.Se revisan los principales peligros y puntos de control crítico del proceso de extracción convencional por disolventes de la oleorresina de pimentón, un producto con potencial para ser producido en África e Iberoamérica. Entre estos puntos se incluyen entre otros el riesgo toxicológico, de incendio y explosión de los disolventes o su descomposición, la formación de finos, la temperatura de desolventización de la miscela, o el riesgo de oxidaciones, isomerizaciones y concentración de contaminantes en la oleorresina. Los condicionantes técnicos derivados de la legislación americana y europea son también discutidos, así como los condicionantes técnicos y características comerciales y de la demanda del producto en la actualidad

Extracción convencional de oleorresina de pimentón dulce y picante I. Generalidades, composición, proceso e innovaciones y aplicaciones

This paper reviews the definition and composition of paprika oleoresin. The review covers recent research concerning the conventional extraction process that uses organic solvents (mainly hexane), legislation, innovation, patents, applications, and perspectives in developing countries. The conventional process includes the extraction of the oleoresin usually with hexane as solvent, the miscella and meal disolventization, and a subsequent oleoresin degumming. The paprika oleoresin is used as additive colorant and is composed by esterified fatty acids such as the linoleic or the linolenic acids. This oleoresin and its components (carotenoids, capsaicinoids, and tocopherols), extracted under different conditions, are used in formulating nutraceutical, colorants and pharmaceuticals. The paprika oleoresin can become soluble by microencapsulation by mixing with gelatin or arabic gum. Paprika oleoresin extraction has future in Africa and iberoamerican countries.Se revisa la definición y componentes de la oleorresina de pimentón (ORP). La revisión cubre también recientes investigaciones en el proceso de obtención convencional mediante disolventes orgánicos (principalmente hexano), legislación, innovaciones, patentes, aplicaciones, y perspectivas en países en vías de desarrollo. El proceso convencional incluye una extracción habitualmente con hexano, y una posterior desolventización de la miscela y de la harina, con una depuración de la ORP posterior. La ORP se usa como aditivo colorante y está compuesta principalmente por ácidos grasos esterificados como el linoleico o linolénico. Tanto la ORP como sus componentes (carotenoides, capsaicinoides y tocoferoles), extraídos en diferentes condiciones, son utilizados en la formulación de nutracéuticos, colorantes y farmacopea. La ORP se puede hacer hidrosoluble añadiendo tensoactivos o mediante microencapsulación con mezclas con gelatina o goma arábiga. La extracción de ORP tiene futuro tanto en África como en Iberoamérica

El proceso tradicional de elaboración del pimentón de Murcia y sus posibles innovaciones

The traditional method of Spanish paprika processing in the Murcia Region is under the official category Denomination of Origin “Paprika of Murcia”. The process consists basically in manual harvesting the fruit in full ripe stage, drying, removing the peduncle and seeds, hammer and stone milling for crushing and grinding, transmission, mixing and granulating, sterilization, packaging and refrigerated storage. The details about the paprika processing operations are reported. In a second part the main control points of paprika processing, paprika quality traits and risks are also mentioned. The innovations proposed for paprika processing and unit operations in the literature include application of hygienic food processing design, paprika processing in a nitrogen flow, heat pretreatments before grinding or applied to shredded pepper, high hydrostatic pressure or high intensity electrical field pulse, irradiation, osmotic dehydration, lyophilization, mixing and coating, and modified atmosphere packaging. The traditional method of Spanish paprika processing in the Murcia Region is under the official category Denomination of Origin “Paprika of Murcia”. The process consists basically in manual harvesting the fruit in full ripe  stage, drying, removing the peduncle and seeds, hammer and stone milling for crushing and grinding, transmission, mixing and granulating, sterilization, packaging and refrigerated storage. The details about the paprika processing operations are reported. In a second part the main control points of paprika processing, paprika quality traits and risks are also mentioned. The innovations proposed for paprika processing and unit operations in the literature include application of hygienic food processing design, paprika processing in a nitrogen flow, heat pretreatments before grinding or applied to shredded pepper, high hydrostatic pressure or high intensity electrical field pulse, irradiation, osmotic dehydration, lyophilization, mixing and coating, and modified atmosphere packaging.El proceso de elaboración tradicional del pimiento en la Región de Murcia está regulado oficialmente por la Denominación de Origen “Pimentón de Murcia”. Consta de operaciones unitarias de recolección, secado de la cáscara al Sol o con aire caliente, desrabado y desbinzado, trituración grosera, molturación, transmisión, granulado y mezclado, esterilizado, envasado y conservación refrigerada. Se describen detalles de los requerimientos técnicos de las operaciones. Posteriormente se revisan los atributos de calidad y riesgos del producto y del proceso, y mejoras tecnológicas recientemente propuestas para el proceso. Las innovaciones posibles incluyen diseño higiénico de proceso y producto, el uso de flujo de nitrógeno en el transporte y almacenamiento de la cáscara pretriturada, pretratamientos térmicos previos a la molienda, aplicación de altas presiones hidrostáticas o pulsos eléctricos de alta intensidad, irradiación, secado (deshidratación osmótica, liofilización), mezclado y aplicación de recubrimientos, o envasado en atmósfera modificada

Historic Public Paths in rural areas: Engine of development and origin of new conflicts

Purpose: In this article, the authors analyse a complex social process affecting historic public paths in rural areas in southern Spain. Despite the fact that urban populations are demanding the enhancement of this type of natural heritage for tourism, sports and recreational use, some parts of the network have been abandoned or usurped. Design/methodology/approach: The study is multidisciplinary, comprising three interlinked studies. The cartographic study comprises an inventory of public paths in rural areas based on administrative sources. The legal study analyses local, regional and national regulations governing agricultural, environmental, heritage, sports and tourism uses of the infrastructure. The sociological study analyses social discourses on the uses of public paths, and identifies conflicts between farmers, landowners, environmentalists, sportspeople and tourists. Findings: The preliminary results identified an important public paths network in Andalusia, approximately 160,000 km. The legal study found that there are laws regulating use, although local authorities do not monitor compliance or provide solutions to enhance management. The sociological study determined the attribution of environmental, cultural and economic value to public paths, but also the existence of conflicts between rural and urban populations. Research limitations/implications: Given that this is ongoing research, only state of the art and some preliminary albeit sufficiently consistent results are presented. Practical implications: The results could help to guide public policy and governance of public paths. Social implications: Public paths promote rural development and a green/sustainable economy. Originality/value: The research results and conclusions are original

Transcriptomic analysis of a near-isogenic line of melon with high fruit flesh firmness during ripening

This is the peer reviewed version of the following article: Zarid, M., García-Carpintero, V., Esteras, C., Esteva, J., Bueso, M.C., Cañizares, J., Picó, M.B., Monforte, A.J. and Fernández-Trujillo, J.P. (2021), Transcriptomic analysis of a near-isogenic line of melon with high fruit flesh firmness during ripening. J Sci Food Agric, 101: 754-777, which has been published in final form at https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.10688. This article may be used for non-commercial purposes in accordance with Wiley Terms and Conditions for Self-Archiving.[EN] BACKGROUND A near-isogenic line (NIL) of melon (SC10-2) with introgression in linkage group X was studied from harvest (at firm-ripe stage of maturity) until day 18 of postharvest storage at 20.5 degrees C together with its parental control ('Piel de Sapo', PS). RESULTS SC10-2 showed higher flesh firmness and whole fruit hardness but lower juiciness than its parental. SC10-2 showed a decrease in respiration rate accompanied by a decrease in ethylene production during ripening, both of which fell to a greater extent than in PS. The introgression affected 11 volatile organic compounds (VOCs), the levels of which during ripening were generally higher in SC10-2 than in PS. Transcriptomic analysis from RNA-Seq revealed differentially expressed genes (DEGs) associated with the effects studied. For example, 909 DEGs were exclusive to the introgression, and only 23 DEGs were exclusive to postharvest ripening time. Major functions of the DEGs associated with introgression or ripening time were identified by cluster analysis. About 37 genes directly and/or indirectly affected the delay in ripening of SC10-2 compared with PS in general and, more particularly, the physiological and quality traits measured and, probably, the differential non-climacteric response. Of the former genes, we studied in more detail at least five that mapped in the introgression in linkage group (LG) X, and 32 outside it. CONCLUSION There is an apparent control of textural changes, VOCs and fruit ripening by an expression quantitative trait locus located in LG X together with a direct control on them due to genes presented in the introgression (CmTrpD,CmNADH1,CmTCP15,CmGDSL esterase/lipase, andCmHK4-like) and CmNAC18.This work was funded by grants 11784/PI/09 (Seneca Foundation, Region of Murcia) and Ministry of Economy and Innovation (AGL2010-20858). M Zarid acknowledges an UE-Erasmus predoctoral fellowship, a program coordinated by the University of Murcia in the framework of CMN. Thanks are due to Semillas Fitó SA (Barcelona, Spain), for providing seeds of PS melons and IRTACRAG for the seeds of SC10-2. We acknowledge the assistance of P Varó and his team in CIFEA-Torre Pacheco for crop management, to N Dos-Santos, M Medina, M García-Gutiérrez, A Hakmaoui, E Cuadros, I Canales and AA Escudero (UPCT) for sampling and technical assistance, to SAIT-UPCT for GC-MS analysis, to AG Sifres (COMAV) for RNA extraction, and to CNAG (Barcelona) for professional assistance in RNA-Seq. The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.Zarid, M.; García-Carpintero, V.; Esteras Gómez, C.; Esteva, J.; Bueso, MC.; Cañizares Sales, J.; Picó Sirvent, MB.... (2021). Transcriptomic analysis of a near-isogenic line of melon with high fruit flesh firmness during ripening. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture. 101(2):754-777. https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.10688S7547771012Ríos, P., Argyris, J., Vegas, J., Leida, C., Kenigswald, M., Tzuri, G., … Garcia-Mas, J. (2017). 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