Co-limitation towards lower latitudes shapes global forest diversity gradients

The latitudinal diversity gradient (LDG) is one of the most recognized global patterns of species richness exhibited across a wide range of taxa. Numerous hypotheses have been proposed in the past two centuries to explain LDG, but rigorous tests of the drivers of LDGs have been limited by a lack of high-quality global species richness data. Here we produce a high-resolution (0.025° × 0.025°) map of local tree species richness using a global forest inventory database with individual tree information and local biophysical characteristics from ~1.3 million sample plots. We then quantify drivers of local tree species richness patterns across latitudes. Generally, annual mean temperature was a dominant predictor of tree species richness, which is most consistent with the metabolic theory of biodiversity (MTB). However, MTB underestimated LDG in the tropics, where high species richness was also moderated by topographic, soil and anthropogenic factors operating at local scales. Given that local landscape variables operate synergistically with bioclimatic factors in shaping the global LDG pattern, we suggest that MTB be extended to account for co-limitation by subordinate drivers

DNA Methylomes and Epigenetic Age Acceleration Associations with Poor Metabolic Control in T1D

© 2020 by the authors.Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disease that leads to insulin deficiency and hyperglycemia. Little is known about how this metabolic dysfunction, which substantially alters the internal environment, forces cells to adapt through epigenetic mechanisms. Consequently, the purpose of this work was to study what changes occur in the epigenome of T1D patients after the onset of disease and in the context of poor metabolic control. We performed a genome-wide analysis of DNA methylation patterns in blood samples from 18 T1D patients with varying levels of metabolic control. We identified T1D-associated DNA methylation differences on more than 100 genes when compared with healthy controls. Interestingly, only T1D patients displaying poor glycemic control showed epigenetic age acceleration compared to healthy controls. The epigenetic alterations identified in this work make a valuable contribution to improving our understanding of T1D and to ensuring the appropriate management of the disease in relation to maintaining healthy aging.This work was financially supported by: The Plan Nacional de I+D+I co-funding FEDER (PI18/01527); the Government of the Principality of Asturias PCTI-Plan de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación de Asturias co-funding 2018-2022/FEDER (IDI/2018/146); AECC (PROYE18061FERN); FGCSIC (0348_CIE_6_E); the Spanish Society of Diabetes (Programme/Funding for Young Researchers to JLFM), and IUOPA-ISPA-FINBA (the IUOPA is supported by the Obra Social Cajastur-Liberbank, Spain); A.F.F is supported by a Miguel Servet II fellowship (contract CPII16/00007); R.F.P. is supported by the Severo Ochoa programme (BP17-114, Government of the Principality of Asturias).Peer reviewe

Hypermethylation of HOOK2 gene and its relation with Type 2 diabetes susceptibility in individuals with obesity

Failure in glucose response to insulin is a common pathology associated with obesity. In this study, we analyzed the genome wide DNA methylation profile of visceral adipose tissue samples in a population of individuals with obesity and assessed whether differential methylation profiles are associated with the presence of type 2 diabetes (T2D). More than 485,000 CpG genome sites from visceral adipose tissue samples from women with obesity undergoing gastric bypass (n=18), and classified as suffering from type 2 diabetes or not (no type 2 diabetes, NT2D), were analyzed using DNA methylation arrays

Recomendaciones de prevención y tratamiento de las náuseas y vómitos postoperatorios y/o asociados a las infusiones de opioides

Postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) causes patient discomfort, lowers patient satisfaction, and increases care requirements. Opioid-induced nausea and vomiting (OINV) may also occur if opioids are used to treat postoperative pain. These guidelines aim to provide recommendations for the prevention and treatment of both problems. A working group was established in accordance with the charter of the Sociedad Española de Anestesiología y Reanimación. The group undertook the critical appraisal of articles relevant to the management of PONV and OINV in adults and children early and late in the perioperative period. Discussions led to recommendations, summarized as follows: 1) Risk for PONV should be assessed in all patients undergoing surgery; 2 easy-to-use scales are useful for risk assessment: the Apfel scale for adults and the Eberhart scale for children. 2) Measures to reduce baseline risk should be used for adults at moderate or high risk and all children. 3) Pharmacologic prophylaxis with 1 drug is useful for patients at low risk (Apfel or Eberhart 1) who are to receive general anesthesia; patients with higher levels of risk should receive prophylaxis with 2 or more drugs and baseline risk should be reduced (multimodal approach). 4) Dexamethasone, droperidol, and ondansetron (or other setrons) have similar levels of efficacy; drug choice should be made based on individual patient factors. 5) The drug prescribed for treating PONV should preferably be different from the one used for prophylaxis; ondansetron is the most effective drug for treating PONV. 6) Risk for PONV should be assessed before discharge after outpatient surgery or on the ward for hospitalized patients; there is no evidence that late preventive strategies are effective. 7) The drug of choice for preventing OINV is droperidol.Las náuseas y los vómitos postoperatorios (NVPO) producen malestar e insatisfacción del paciente y aumentan la necesidad de cuidados. La infusión de opiáceos, frecuente como tratamiento analgésico postoperatorio, puede inducir náuseas y/o vómitos (NV). Este trabajo tiene como objetivo el desarrollo de recomendaciones de prevención y tratamiento de ambos problemas. Con este fin se constituyó un Grupo de Trabajo de acuerdo con los estatutos de la Sociedad Española de Anestesiología y Reanimación. Dicho grupo realizó una evaluación crítica de artículos relevantes sobre el manejo de las NV perioperatorios precoces y tardíos tanto en adultos como en niños. Tras varias reuniones y discusión se acordaron las siguientes recomendaciones (resumen): 1. Todos los pacientes sometidos a cirugía deben ser evaluados respecto al riesgo de desarrollar NVPO. Se recomiendan las escalas de Apfel et al. para adultos y de Eberhart et al. para niños, ambas son útiles y fáciles de aplicar; 2. En los adultos con riesgo moderado o alto y en todos los niños se deben adoptar medidas de reducción del riesgo basal; 3. La profilaxis con un fármaco es útil en pacientes de riesgo bajo (Apfel 1 o Eberhart 1) sometidos a anestesia general. En los demás pacientes se debe realizar profilaxis con 2 o más fármacos y reducir el riesgo basal (abordaje multimodal); 4. Dexametasona, droperidol y ondansetrón (setrones en general) tienen similar eficacia. La elección de fármaco debe tener en consideración factores individuales en cada paciente; 5. El tratamiento de las NVPO establecidas debe hacerse preferentemente con un fármaco diferente al empleado en la profilaxis. El fármaco más efectivo es el ondansetrón; 6. Debe evaluarse la posibilidad de NVPO tras el alta del paciente en cirugía ambulatoria o en la sala de hospitalización en cirugía con ingreso. No existen evidencias suficientes para formular una estrategia de prevención de las NV tardíos; 7. El fármaco de elección en la prevención de las NV asociadas a infusión de opiáceos es droperidol

Altered intragenic DNA methylation of <i>HOOK2</i> gene in adipose tissue from individuals with obesity and type 2 diabetes

<div><p>Aims/Hypothesis</p><p>Failure in glucose response to insulin is a common pathology associated with obesity. In this study, we analyzed the genome wide DNA methylation profile of visceral adipose tissue (VAT) samples in a population of individuals with obesity and assessed whether differential methylation profiles are associated with the presence of type 2 diabetes (T2D).</p><p>Methods</p><p>More than 485,000 CpG genome sites from VAT samples from women with obesity undergoing gastric bypass (n = 18), and classified as suffering from type 2 diabetes (T2D) or not (no type 2 diabetes, NT2D), were analyzed using DNA methylation arrays.</p><p>Results</p><p>We found significant differential methylation between T2D and NT2D samples in 24 CpGs that map with sixteen genes, one of which, <i>HOOK2</i>, demonstrated a significant correlation between differentially hypermethylated regions on the gene body and the presence of type 2 diabetes. This was validated by pyrosequencing in a population of 91 samples from both males and females with obesity. Furthermore, when these results were analyzed by gender, female T2D samples were found hypermethylated at the cg04657146-region and the cg 11738485-region of HOOK2 gene, whilst, interestingly, male samples were found hypomethylated in this latter region.</p><p>Conclusion</p><p>The differential methylation profile of the <i>HOOK2</i> gene in individuals with T2D and obesity might be related to the attendant T2D, but further studies are required to identify the potential role of <i>HOOK2</i> gene in T2D disease. The finding of gender differences in T2D methylation of <i>HOOK2</i> also warrants further investigation.</p></div

The anthropometric and clinical characteristics of the discovery cohort and the validation cohort.

<p>The anthropometric and clinical characteristics of the discovery cohort and the validation cohort.</p

Altered intragenic DNA methylation of <i>HOOK2</i> gene in adipose tissue from individuals with obesity and type 2 diabetes - Fig 1

<p>A. Hierarchical clustering heatmap. Showing differentially methylated CpGs of autosomal probes from women with obesity and discordant for type 2 diabetes (8 T2D and 10 NT2D). The heat map scale shows the range of methylation values, from 0 (blue) to 1 (yellow). Whether the CpG site analyzed is associated with a CpG island (CGI) or not can clearly be distinguished. Red asterisks mark the differentially methylated probes validated by pyrosequencing on <i>HOOK2</i> gene. B. Strip charts showing β values of three differentially methylated CpGs (dmCpGs) located on <i>HOOK2</i> gene in individual samples of the discovery cohort. The bold dotted line with the rhombus indicates the median value of each group of samples. C. Distribution of differentially methylated CpGs (dmCpGs) relative to CGIs, and relative distribution of dmCpGs across different genomic regions. <i>Abbreviations</i>: <i>T2D (Type 2 Diabetes); NT2D (No Type 2 Diabetes)</i>.</p

Differentially methylated CpG sites in T2D compared with NT2D samples.

<p>Differentially methylated CpG sites in T2D compared with NT2D samples.</p

Box plots illustrate the methylation values of differentially methylated CpG regions between T2D and NT2D samples validated by pyrosequencing in <i>HOOK2</i> gene.

<p>Schematic representation of the target regions studied and the methylation values from T2D and NT2D samples in the discovery cohort and the validation cohort are shown. Vertical lines represent the location of each CpG site. The analyzed region (blue line) and the CpG sites in the array (red box) are highlighted. The <i>p</i>-values for the comparison of the groups are also indicated (**adjusted <i>p</i>-value <0.05; ***adjusted <i>p</i>-value <0.0001). <i>Abbreviations</i>: <i>T2D (Type 2 Diabetes); NT2D (No Type 2 Diabetes)</i>.</p