Conocimientos, actitudes y prácticas en lactancia materna. Implicación para la práctica enfermera

La lactancia materna es un acto natural, pero también requiere de aprendizaje y práctica por parte de las madres. Los profesionales de enfermería que prestan cuidados durante el posparto, desempeñan un papel fundamental para que el inicio y el mantenimiento de la misma sea un éxito. El objetivo de este trabajo ha sido describir cómo son los conocimientos, las actitudes y las prácticas en cuanto a la lactancia materna, de las puérperas tras los primeros días en el hospital. Con la finalidad de aportar información que resulte útil para la práctica enfermera. Se ha llevado a cabo un estudio descriptivo transversal en la Unidad de Hospitalización de Obstetricia del Hospital Universitario Río Hortega, empleando como instrumento la “Encuesta de Lactancia Materna”. Han sido estudiadas 82 mujeres. Los principales resultados mostraron que el 91,5% de las mujeres poseía una actitud positiva hacia la lactancia materna, y solamente el 2,44% una práctica inadecuada de ésta. Además, la ayuda efectiva proporcionada por el personal de enfermería de la unidad, se ha relacionado positivamente con los conocimientos y actitudes de las madres, y en el caso del asesoramiento prestado, la relación es negativa con las prácticas. A tenor de los resultados, se considera que los conocimientos y actitudes, al igual que las prácticas de las madres lactantes, serán de mayor calidad con la intervención activa del personal de enfermería. Concluyendo que sería interesante disponer de un protocolo de lactancia materna en la unidad, en el que se incluyera una herramienta para evaluar la toma.OtroGrado en Enfermerí

Role of activated carbon features on the photocatalytic degradation of phenol

[EN] In this work we have investigated the role of porous carbon material used as a photocatalyst and a catalyst support in the carbon/titania composite in the photodegradation of phenol, and compared the results to those of bare titanium oxide. The immobilization of titania on an activated carbon provoked acceleration of the degradation rate under UV irradiation, which is likely to be attributed to the porosity of the carbon support. The identification of the degradation intermediates detected in the solution showed that the presence of the carbon support affects the nature of phenol degradation mechanism through the formation of different intermediates. Additionally, phenol photodecomposition rate over the carbon support outperformed that attained in the carbon/titania composite, suggesting an important self-photoactivity of the carbon support.This work was supported by the Spanish MICINN (CTM2008-01956). COA is grateful to the Spanish MEC for the Ramon y Cajal Research Contract. LFV is grateful to CSIC for the JAE predoctoral fellowship.Peer reviewe

Evaluación de competencias del profesional de la Psicología. Estudio comparativo de percepciones sobre competencias de profesionales, titulados y estudiantes

Desde que el modelo por competencias se introdujo en los títulos de grado del sistema universitario español, resulta prioritario evaluar, reevaluar y actualizar el grado en que las competencias son pertinentes para la formación de los futuros graduados. Al mismo tiempo, la comparación entre las competencias que todavía no se han adquirido (antes de comenzar el grado), y las que se han trabajado y desarrollado (al finalizar el grado por los estudiantes egresados), puede ofrecer una información muy útil sobre lo que se está trabajando durante los años de formación en la titulación. En el caso del Grado en Psicología, con nuevos títulos de grados implantados desde el curso 2009/10 y con solo varias promociones de nuevos titulados egresados, resulta muy oportuno analizar la pertinencia y el grado de desarrollo de las competencias básicas incluidas en los planes de estudio. Método. Para el desarrollo de la investigación se ha seguido la propuesta metodológica realizada por Ponce y Tójar (2014) para la evaluación de competencias. De este modo se diseñaron tres versiones de un cuestionario dirigido a profesionales de la Psicología, a estudiantes actuales y a recién titulados con el grado de Psicología. Esta serie de instrumentos vinculados permitió, en relación a las competencias básicas del grado, además de analizar su pertinencia y el grado de desarrollo, relacionar las mismas con los ámbitos y sectores en los que existen oportunidades de empleo. Resultados y conclusiones. Los resultados y las conclusiones sugieren mejoras y modificaciones en relación a algunas competencias, así como lo adecuado de potenciar el trabajo en algunas de ellas para que los titulados tengan más oportunidades de empleo en determinados ámbitos y sectores. La propuesta metodológica presentada se configura, por tanto, como una herramienta clave en la evaluación de las competencias en este título de grado, que puede ser extensible a otros títulos similares con algunas adaptaciones a cada contexto formativo.Universidad de Málaga. Campus de Excelencia Internacional Andalucía Tech

Photochemistry of nanoporous carbons: Perspectives in energy conversion and environmental remediation

The interest in the use of nanoporous carbon materials in applications related to energy conversion and storage, either as catalysts or additives, has grown over recent decades in various disciplines. Since the early studies reporting the benefits of the use of nanoporous carbons as inert supports of semiconductors and as electron acceptors that enhance the splitting of the photogenerated excitons, many researchers have investigated the key role of carbon matrices coupled to all types of photoactive materials. More recently, our group has demonstrated the ability of semiconductor-free nanoporous carbons to convert the absorbed photons into chemical reactions (i.e. oxidation of pollutants, water splitting, reduction of surface groups) opening new opportunities beyond conventional applications in light energy conversion. The aim of this paper is to review the recent progress on the application of nanoporous carbons in photochemistry using varied illumination conditions (UV, simulated solar light) and covering their role as additives to semiconductors as well as their use as photocatalysts in various fields, describing the photochemical quantum yield of nanoporous carbons for different reactions, and discussing the mechanisms postulated for the carbon/light interactions in confined pore spaces.This work was partially funded by the Spanish MINECO (CTM2014/56770-R) and the European Council Research through a Consolidator Grant (ERC-CoG-648161-PHOROSOL).Peer reviewe

Carbon Materials as Additives to WO3 for an Enhanced Conversion of Simulated Solar Light

We have explored the impact of the incorporation of nanoporous carbons as additives to tungsten oxide on the photocatalytic degradation of two recalcitrant pollutants: rhodamine B (RhB) and phenol, under simulated solar light. For this purpose, WO3/carbon mixtures were prepared using three carbon materials with different properties (in terms of porosity, structural order and surface chemistry). Despite the low carbon content used (2 wt.%), a significant increase in the photocatalytic performance of the semiconductor was observed for all the catalysts. Moreover, the influence of the carbon additive on the performance of the photocatalysts was found to be very different for the two pollutants. Carbon additives of hydrophobic nature increased the photodegradation yield of phenol compared to bare WO3, likely due to the higher affinity and stronger interactions of phenol molecules toward basic nanoporous carbons. Oppositely, the use of acidic carbon additives led to higher RhB conversions due to increased acidity of the WO3/carbon mixtures and the stronger affinity of the pollutant for acidic catalyst’s surfaces. As a result, the photooxidation of RhB is favored by means of a coupled (photosensitized and photocatalytic) degradation mechanism. All these results highlight the importance of favoring the interactions of the pollutant with the catalyst’s surface through a detailed design of the features of the photocatalyst.The authors thank the financial support of the Spanish MINECO (grant CTM2014/56770-R). RC thanks PCTI Asturias for her PhD (BP1231, fondos FEDER) fellowship.Peer reviewe

Boosting the visible-light photoactivity of Bi2WO6 using acidic carbon additives

We have explored the role of the physicohemical properties of carbon materials as additives to bismuth tungstate on its structure, optical properties, and photocatalytic activity for the degradation of rhodamine B under visible light. For this purpose, C/Bi2WO6 hybrid composites were prepared following two different routes: (i) physical mixture of the catalyst components, and (ii) one-pot hydrothermal synthesis of the semiconductor in the presence of the carbon additive. Three carbons with different properties were selected as additives: biomass-derived activated carbon, carbon nanotubes and carbon spheres obtained from polysaccharides. Data has shown the outstanding role of the acidic/basic nature of the carbon additive, and of the synthetic method on the photocatalytic performance of the resulting composites. For a given additive, the degradation rate of RhB is greatly improved for the catalysts prepared through a one-step hydrothermal synthesis, where there is low shielding effect of the carbon matrix. Carbon additives of acidic nature boost the surface acidity of the hybrid photocatalyst, thereby enhancing the photodegradation of RhB under visible light via a coupled mechanism (photosensitization, semiconductor photocatalysis and carbon-photon mediated reactions).The authors thank the financial support of MINECO (grants CTM2011/23378 and CTQ2011/26617) and PCTI Asturias (Fondos Feder 2007-2013, grant PC10-002). RJC thanks PCTI Asturias for her Severo Ochoa fellowshipPeer reviewe

Suicidal behaviour and cognition: A systematic review with special focus on prefrontal deficits

BACKGROUND: Suicide is a major health concern worldwide, thus, identifying risk factors would enable a more comprehensive understanding and prevention of this behaviour. Neuropsychological alterations could lead to difficulties in interpreting and managing life events resulting in a higher risk of suicide. METHOD: A systematic literature search from 2000 to 2020 was performed in Medline (Pubmed), Web of Science, SciELO Citation Index, PsycInfo, PsycArticles and Cochrane Library databases regarding studies comparing cognition of attempters versus non-attempters that share same psychiatric diagnosis. RESULTS: 1.885 patients diagnosed with an Affective Disorder (n=1512) and Schizophrenia/ Schizoaffective Disorder (n=373) were included. In general comparison, attention was found to be clearly dysfunctional. Regarding diagnosis, patients with Schizophrenia and previous history of suicidal behaviour showed a poorer performance in executive function. Patients with current symptoms of an Affective Disorder and a previous history of suicidal attempt had poorer performance in attention and executive function. Similarly, euthymic affective patients with history of suicidal behaviour had worse decision-making, attention and executive function performance compared to euthymic non-attempters. LIMITATIONS: The number of papers included in this review is limited to the few studies using non-attempter clinically-matched control group and therefore results regarding diagnosis, symptomatology and time of the attempt are modest and contradictory. CONCLUSIONS: Patients who have attempted suicide have a poorer neuropsychological functioning than non-attempters with a similar psychiatric disorder in attention and executive function. These alterations increase vulnerability for suicide.This work was supported by Carlos III Health Research Institute[grant numbers PI14/02029, PI15/00793, PI15/00789, PI16/01164,PI17/01433 and PI18/01055 (co-financed by the European RegionalDevelopment Fund(FEDER/ERDF)/European Social Fund‘Investing inyour future’ and the Government of the Principality of Asturias PCTI-2018–2022 IDI/2018/235)], Foundation for Health Innovation andResearch (BIOEF); Bioaraba Research Institute; Networking Center forBiomedical Research in Mental Health (CIBERSAM), the BasqueGovernment [grant numbers 2015111024, 2017111104] and theUniversity of the Basque Country [grant number 321212ELBY]. Thepsychiatric research department in Araba University Hospital is sup-portedbytheStanleyResearchFoundation[grantnumber03-RC-003

Overview of recent TJ-II stellarator results

The main results obtained in the TJ-II stellarator in the last two years are reported. The most important topics investigated have been modelling and validation of impurity transport, validation of gyrokinetic simulations, turbulence characterisation, effect of magnetic configuration on transport, fuelling with pellet injection, fast particles and liquid metal plasma facing components. As regards impurity transport research, a number of working lines exploring several recently discovered effects have been developed: the effect of tangential drifts on stellarator neoclassical transport, the impurity flux driven by electric fields tangent to magnetic surfaces and attempts of experimental validation with Doppler reflectometry of the variation of the radial electric field on the flux surface. Concerning gyrokinetic simulations, two validation activities have been performed, the comparison with measurements of zonal flow relaxation in pellet-induced fast transients and the comparison with experimental poloidal variation of fluctuations amplitude. The impact of radial electric fields on turbulence spreading in the edge and scrape-off layer has been also experimentally characterized using a 2D Langmuir probe array. Another remarkable piece of work has been the investigation of the radial propagation of small temperature perturbations using transfer entropy. Research on the physics and modelling of plasma core fuelling with pellet and tracer-encapsulated solid-pellet injection has produced also relevant results. Neutral beam injection driven Alfvénic activity and its possible control by electron cyclotron current drive has been examined as well in TJ-II. Finally, recent results on alternative plasma facing components based on liquid metals are also presentedThis work has been carried out within the framework of the EUROfusion Consortium and has received funding from the Euratom research and training programme 2014–2018 under Grant Agreement No. 633053. It has been partially funded by the Ministerio de Ciencia, Inovación y Universidades of Spain under projects ENE2013-48109-P, ENE2015-70142-P and FIS2017-88892-P. It has also received funds from the Spanish Government via mobility grant PRX17/00425. The authors thankfully acknowledge the computer resources at MareNostrum and the technical support provided by the Barcelona S.C. It has been supported as well by The Science and Technology Center in Ukraine (STCU), Project P-507F

Clonal chromosomal mosaicism and loss of chromosome Y in elderly men increase vulnerability for SARS-CoV-2

The pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19) had an estimated overall case fatality ratio of 1.38% (pre-vaccination), being 53% higher in males and increasing exponentially with age. Among 9578 individuals diagnosed with COVID-19 in the SCOURGE study, we found 133 cases (1.42%) with detectable clonal mosaicism for chromosome alterations (mCA) and 226 males (5.08%) with acquired loss of chromosome Y (LOY). Individuals with clonal mosaic events (mCA and/or LOY) showed a 54% increase in the risk of COVID-19 lethality. LOY is associated with transcriptomic biomarkers of immune dysfunction, pro-coagulation activity and cardiovascular risk. Interferon-induced genes involved in the initial immune response to SARS-CoV-2 are also down-regulated in LOY. Thus, mCA and LOY underlie at least part of the sex-biased severity and mortality of COVID-19 in aging patients. Given its potential therapeutic and prognostic relevance, evaluation of clonal mosaicism should be implemented as biomarker of COVID-19 severity in elderly people. Among 9578 individuals diagnosed with COVID-19 in the SCOURGE study, individuals with clonal mosaic events (clonal mosaicism for chromosome alterations and/or loss of chromosome Y) showed an increased risk of COVID-19 lethality